Burger King & Television advertisements for its products

A decent advancement can help in expanding the deals and terrible advancements diminish the piece of the overall industry. The message methodology of Burger King ought to be to make a buzz among the adolescent with quick advertising strategies. The prime quality of Burger King is to give a modified burger, anyway odd it may be. This can be the greatest influence point as various clients may have various requests with not very many or nobody to take into account them. They ought not go for the standard advancement, for example, Television ads for its products.Among the adolescent the way of life of staying in contact is by means of webmail. So utilizing this mode would demonstrate progressively powerful considering the way that adolescent involves the greater purchaser piece. Crispin probably won't have a simple and going great excursion while building up this message and in guaranteeing that shoppers comprehend the message effectively. So as to make buzz Crispin needs to build up a p icture for Burger King which represents the young. Henceforth the message ought to be with the end goal that it doesn't appear to be excessively business and â€Å"uncool.† They have to prevail with regards to astonishing the crowd which would make the buzz prompting introduction. Crispin is required to make a message that can ‘gain consideration, hold intrigue, excite want and evoke activity. ’ BK should utilize a representative which speaks to the young and they can without much of a stretch recognize themselves with MTV characters or people from famous Rock Bands can be utilized as representative for BK as MTV is one of the most watched channels among the adolescent and they likewise love to tune in to Rock Bands.BK ought to spend the cash on an Integrated Advertising Campaign. By not straightforwardly advancing BK’s item they made a buzz which prompts more advancement than legitimately advancing the item which is excessively evident and doesn't offer t he intended interest group. Significant spotlight ought to be on webmail and the promoting ought to be fit for making a buzz. This would prompt the most extreme infiltration among its objective clients which is the adolescent. Works Cited Page Philip Kotler, Marketing Management, Millennium Edition, Pearson Education Publishers, Delhi, 2000

Laertes And Hamlet Both Display Impulsive Reactions When Essays

Laertes and Hamlet both presentation imprudent responses when maddened. When Laertes finds his dad has been killed Laertes quickly accept the slayer is Claudius. Because of Laertes' theory he intuitively moves to retaliate for Polonius' demise. To for hell's sake, faithfulness! promises, to the blackest fallen angel! Heart and beauty, to the profoundest pit! I dare condemnation: to this point I stand, that the two universes I provide for carelessness, let come what comes; just I'll be vindicated most altogether for my father. Act 4 Scene 5 lines 128-134 give knowledge into Laertes' psyche showing his craving for vengeance at any expense. Rather than Laertes hypothesis of his dad's executioner, Hamlet presumes the individual keeping an eye on his discussion with Gertrude is Claudius(Nay, I know not: is it the King? Act 3, Scene 4 line 28). Subsequently, Hamlet overwhelmed by rage naturally pushes out endeavoring to slaughter Claudius, however rather strikes Polonius. Hamlet's and Laertes' impulsive activities are prompted by wrath and disappointment. Unexpected displeasure prompts both Hamlet and Laertes to act suddenly, giving little idea to the outcomes of their activities. Hamlet and Laertes share an alternate yet profound love and concern for Ophelia. Before his flight for France Laertes gives long counsel to Ophelia relating to her relationship with Hamlet. Laertes voices his anxiety of Hamlet's actual aims towards Ophelia furthermore, advices her to be careful about Hamlet's adoration. Laertes puts forth for Ophelia, Hamlet is a ruler who no doubt will have a masterminded marriage. Hamlet's solid love for Ophelia wilts after she dismisses his liking. Hamlet's broad love for Ophelia brought about grave languishing over Hamlet once his fondness was dismissed. Hamlet's appearance rots because of the dismissal of his adoration for Ophelia(Pale as his shirt, his knees thumping each other Act 2, Scene 1, line 82). The loss of Ophelia's affection for Hamlet incites Polonius into trusting it has made Hamlet return to joke mien. Once Laertes learns of the passing of his sister he is harrowed with trouble. Similarly, Hamlet is stunned and chafed over Ophelia's death. Both Hamlet and Laertes are so significantly bothered at the demise of Ophelia they hop into her grave and battle one another. In spite of the fact that Hamlet and Laertes scorned each other, the two of them cherished Ophelia. Hamlet was captivated by Ophelia which was clear during his consistent anguish over her(in her dismissal of Hamlet, and in her demise Hamlet endured incredibly). Laertes shared a solid charitable love for Ophelia which was obvious in his recommendation to her. Laertes further shown his adoration for Ophelia during her burial service were he battled with Hamlet. Hamlet and Laertes are comparative in the manner they partner with their families. Laertes exceptionally regards and cherishes his dad Polonius. Additionally, Hamlet holds an incredible regard for his dead father(Hamlet thinks about his dad to a sun god Hyperion). After the passing of their fathers, Hamlet and Laertes endeavor to look for vengeance on the professional killers. Hamlet and Laertes show tyrannical perspectives towards females. Laertes gives his sister Ophelia direction on her relationship with Hamlet. Similarly, Hamlet can convince Gertrude he isn't distraught and control her to adhere to his guidelines. Hamlet coordinates his mother to persuade Claudius regarding Hamlet's frenzy. Hamlet can cause his mom to consider her part in the passing of his dad and feel guilt(Thou turn'st mine eyes into my very soul, and there I see such dark and grained spots as won't leave their tinct. Act 3, Scene 4 lines 90-93). Besides, Hamlet teaches his mom not to lay down with Claudius. The dads of Laertes and Hamlet both endeavored to utilize spies to pick up data on their sons(although not his genuine father Claudius was his uncle just as step-father). Claudius utilized Rosencrantz and Guildenstern to accumulate data on Hamlet. In correlation, Polonius dispatches Reynaldo to investigate Laertes. Hamlet and Laertes share comparable viewpoints inside their families. Hamlet and Laertes show rash conduct when goaded. Hamlet gets shocked at the thought of Claudius keeping an eye on him which brings about Hamlet erroneously murdering Polonius. Laertes becomes definitely incensed at the passing of his dad and strongly looks for retribution against Claudius. Transient anger defeats Laertes and Hamlet which prompts them to act precipitously. Hamlet and Laertes both have a solid love for Ophelia. Hamlet's profound love for Ophelia is clear in his response to her dismissal of him. Similarly, Laertes care and warmth are uncovered by his recommendation to his sister. The groups of Laertes and Hamlet contain comparative properties. Hamlet furthermore, Laertes hold a high adoration for their dads and are willing to try and execute the

Tribute

Tribute Rather than working on the 12-page paper on green fluorescent protein that I need to have written by tomorrow, I spent the afternoon in the student center enjoying a matinee of the Musical Theatre Guilds production of Star Wars Trilogy: Musical Edition. Of course, since the production was covered in the Boston Globe and slashdotted, MTG had quite a larger turnout than they expected. Luckily, I reserved my 12 tickets early heres what the poor unfortunate souls on the waiting list looked like: The entire production was glorious, but beyond the Amadeus, Top Gun and Jetsons references, the tap-dancing stormtroopers, the running ew, I kissed my sister joke, the random operatic soprano belting Phantom of the Empire, beyond the working Jabba the Hutt puppet, X-wing costumes, lightsabers, trap doors, and moving AT-AT legs, beyond Dont Cry For Me Princess Leia and When Youre Good to Jabba and City on a Cloud and One Night in Bespin, and beyond the amazing blue / white / red lighting at the end of One Play More and the perfect recreation of Jerome Robbinss America choreography by Jawas, one moment in Act V: The Empire Strikes Back stood above the rest of the four-hour production. Though Im going to see The Aristocrats at LSC next weekend, Im afraid that this may have already claimed the title of best joke in the world. Its was so good that Im actually, for the first time, going to include spoiler space in a Turkey vs. Spam entry, just in case you were planning to go see the show next weekend and dont want it ruined for you. Youve been warned. LUKE: I admit it, you are better than I am. DARTH VADER: Then why are you smiling? LUKE: Because I know something that you dont know. DARTH VADER: And what is that? LUKE: I am not left-handed! [switches lightsaber to right hand] DARTH VADER: [immediately cuts off LUKES right hand] You are now. Despite this utterly brilliant scene, which recieved at least 10 seconds of spontaneous audience ovation, like it was Happy Days and Fonzie just walked in or something, my GRT Chris noted that they actually missed the opportunity to incorporate this gem earlier in the scene: LUKE: Hello. My name is Luke Skywalker. You killed my father. Prepare to die. If anybody from MTG is reading this youve got three more shows to put it in! And splendid job to everyone involved in this semesters productionit was truly an excellent afternoon/evening.

What Exactly Is a Toxic Chemical

Youve heard that toxic chemicals are bad for you, but what exactly is a toxic chemical? Heres an explanation of what is meant by the term toxic chemical as well as examples of common toxic chemicals you may have in your home or encounter in the environment. Toxic Chemical Definition The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency or EPA defines a toxic chemical as any substance which may be harmful to the environment or hazardous to your health if inhaled, ingested or absorbed through the skin. Toxic Chemicals in Your Home Many useful household projects contain toxic chemicals. Common examples include: Drain cleanerLaundry detergentFurniture polishGasolinePesticidesAmmoniaToilet bowl cleanerMotor oilRubbing alcoholBleachBattery acid While these chemicals may be useful and even necessary, it is important to remember they should be used and disposed of according to instructions on the packaging. Natural Toxic Chemicals Many toxic chemicals occur in nature. For example, plants produce toxic chemicals to protect themselves from pests. Animals produce toxins for protection and to capture prey. In other cases, toxic chemicals are simply a by-product of metabolism. Some natural elements and minerals are poisonous. Here are some examples of natural toxic chemicals: MercurySnake venomCaffeine in coffee, tea, kola and cocoaArsenicRicin from castor beansPetroleumHydrogen sulfideChlorine gasSmoke Industrial and Occupational Toxic Chemicals The US Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has identified several chemicals it considers highly hazardous and toxic. Some of these are laboratory reagents, while others are used commonly in certain industries and trades. Certain pure elements are included. Here are a few substances on the list (which is extremely long): AcetaldehydeAcetoneAcroleinBromineChlorineCyanogenIsopropyl alcoholl-limoneneHydrogen peroxide 35% Are All Chemicals Toxic? Labeling a chemical as toxic or non-toxic is misleading because any compound can be toxic, depending on the route of exposure and the dose. For example, even water is toxic if you drink enough of it. Toxicity depends on other factors besides dose and exposure, including species, age, and gender. For example, humans can eat chocolate, yet its toxic to dogs. In a way, all chemicals are toxic. Similarly, there is a minimum dose for nearly all substances below which toxic effects are not seen, called the toxicity endpoint. A chemical can be both necessary for life and toxic. An example is iron. Humans need low doses of iron to make blood cells and perform other biochemical tasks, yet an overdose of iron is deadly. Oxygen is another example. Types of Toxins Toxins may be categorized into four groups. Its possible for a substance to belong to more than one group. Chemical Toxicants - Chemical toxins include both inorganic substances, such as mercury and carbon monoxide, and organic compounds, such as methyl alcohol.Biological Toxins - Many organisms secrete toxic compounds. Some sources consider pathogenic organisms to be toxins. A good example of a biological toxin is tetanus.Physical Toxicants - These are substances that interfere with biological processes. Examples include asbestos and silica.Radiation - Radiation has a toxic effect on many organisms. Examples include gamma radiation and microwaves.

Reflection Paper - 948 Words

For most people, they learn how to improve their reading and writing skills in Elementary School easily. I am one of the few that had to put more effort to improve our reading and writing. Some also may say that one event was the only event that affected their writing styles to make them to what they are now. I believe it takes more than one event to define how we behave, write, or interact. It takes multiple events to help shape how we write, such as, having extra help from the school, having a teacher sit down and talk with you, or having parents put more effort towards you practicing. I came from a Spanish speaking household and I still do to this day. Having my first language as Spanish and not English caused me to learn English later†¦show more content†¦I felt relieved and did not worry as much because I thought it was a simple warning and it would not be bad. Then she told me I could fail, that is when my worries came back but more intense. I stopped hearing everything she was saying as my mind started to drift off thinking about my parents giving me a spanking, taking my games away, grounding me, and all the other punishments they could possibly give me. It became even worse when she told me that she is going to send the grades home and that I need to have my parents sign it. When I got home I was extremely nervous to show my mom the grades. When I finally got the courage to tell her she got upset and started yelling things that I should not repeat here. After she got done yelling I promised I would try to get good grades and not be lazy so that I do not get behind. My mom decided that she will have to force me to read and practice writing because I am a lazy person. Because she knows I am lazy, she does not believe I will study and practice to bring my grades up. Every day while she was cooking she would sit me at our kitchen table and would have me read out loud for her. The book I read did not matter to her if I read a book at my grade level or higher. I do not enjoy reading books for fun so I did not have any in my room for me to choose from. My older sister is a big book nerd and enjoys reading lots of books for her free time. I picked one of the easiest books she had that I could read. I would read theShow MoreRelatedReflection Paper1317 Words   |  6 Pagesused to struggle with forming my thoughts into writing, let alone a paper. I was never confident with what I wrote. My writing had no greater purpose other than the assignment. My writing process included: writing my paper, proofreading it, and turning it in. Once the paper left my ha nds, it also left my mind. Throughout this course we worked with others, visited the writing lab, wrote critiques, and we were able to revise our papers. I believe that all of this is has caused me to grow greatly as aRead MoreReflection Paper836 Words   |  4 Pagesand integrating quotes. Before my papers were full of â€Å"she said† and â€Å"she would say†; which was boring and showed poor ability to lengthen my word choice. I also had a tendency to just throw quotes in and not integrate it into my writings. By the end of my English 101 class my papers began to present with words like â€Å"the author noted†, or â€Å"she stated† along with many other word choices and proper ways of using quotes. Here is an example from my final research paper: â€Å"Author Stephanie Jackson, a certifiedRead MoreNursing Reflection Paper858 Words   |  4 Pagesremainder of this reflection. I met Betty about eight years ago, as I was a close friend of her brother. Although her brother and I grew apart, I would still occasionally see Betty around. Never did I think that I would ever see her on the unit in which I was working, but a few weeks ago, this idea changed. When I arrived back to the nurse’s station after checking on each of my patients, I saw that my co-caring nurse was getting an admission. I looked down at the sheets of paper he had in front ofRead MoreReflection Paper On The Humanities Field1071 Words   |  5 Pages Over the course of this semester each paper that was written helped to introduce me and my fellow classmates to different formatting, and genres of writing. A lot of knowledge was gained from writing these papers and I was able to compare and contrast the disciplinary writings and notice what makes each of them stand out. Reflecting back on these individual papers helps to express what I have learned. The first paper that was written was the humanities essay. The humanities essay helped to provideRead MorePersonal Reflection Paper On English1015 Words   |  5 Pages Reflection Paper English has never been my strong suit. I always hated English simply, because I never concerned myself as a writer. I always stuck to the bare minimum and was pleased to know that I passed. I honestly never tried hard in English because I never felt good enough. I did not see myself as a confident writer and I am not sure I ever will. Since, being enrolled in English 201, it supplied some challenges that I was not ready for and felt unsuited for. Along the way, I learnRead MoreReflection Paper Boat Design839 Words   |  4 Pages When assigned a project that involved building our very own boat, each boat design was created with inspiration from things in our own lives. My design was inspired by my interest in the origami paper boat and rafts. A flaw in this design was that, making the boat like a raft included the use of straws in which was a material not available for this project. Other designs included one of a boat from Isis Green’s favorite movie Pirates of the Caribbean, a design from a fantasy summer place imaginedRead MoreReflection Paper On Writing And Writing1085 Words   |  5 PagesThe content of my paper was typically not the issue, the organization of the ideas was. I always had good ideas to write about, but I never knew how to organize those thoughts into a well-organized paper. Although in Writing 101, I used the multiple steps of the writing process to insert my ideas into a well-written paper, I continued to struggle in areas such as grammar and mechanics. In Writ 102, I was able t o realize that the writing process develops over time, and the best papers result from revisionRead MoreReflection Paper : Barbie Q By Sandra Cisneros938 Words   |  4 Pagesexploration paper, the reading and writing paper, the annotated bibliography, and the academic research paper. 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Literature Review of Fault Tolerant Systems Free Essays

CHAPTER-2 PROBLEM STATEMENT Aim of the undertakingis to build Fault Tolerant System. Fault Tolerant system is a system which runs efficaciously in any status. Even if there is a mistake in the processor our system will observe it and advise to user or admin. We will write a custom essay sample on Literature Review of Fault Tolerant Systems or any similar topic only for you Order Now It will non merely notify but we are seeking that it will take mistake over the air. Triple Modular Redundancy is bosom of our system ; it detects the mistake through vote system. To build a CFTP design is a truly complex work and needs a important sum of clip to complete. In order to hold a flawless design, tonss of conditions need to be considered and all jobs should be solved in a sensible manner. Choosing constituents may take few yearss or months depending on how much information or information is collected. Decisions may still be changed at the last minute due to some unpredictable state of affairss or inevitable factors. Any alteration in the concluding design on a constituent sometimes will do a series of alterations to others. It is obvious that constructing a fully-functional CFTP does take much attempt and interior decorators have to truly understand how circuits relate each other in order to revise or debug it. Unfortunately, graduate pupils at Naval Postgraduate School merely stay a short sum of clip. A large design like CFTP is chopped into several sections and assigned to different pupils. In this clip restraints, pupils non merely necessitate t o recognize what old pupils have done but besides take up a design in advancement. Largely, pupils picking up the sections do non hold a opportunity to larn straight from pupils who have worked on this design earlier. Therefore, thesis becomes an of import interface of experience heritage between coevalss of pupils. CHAPTER-3 LITERATURE REVIEW 3.1 LITERATURE SURVEY: – 3.1.1. Lashomb’s Design Peter A. LaShomb expressed many constructs in both TMR design and FPGA choice. Traditional solutions for radiation effects were introduced including hardware redundancy, like Quadded Logic, and package betterment for mistake tolerance, like clip redundancy or package redundancy. In the TMR subdivision, RADHARD and COTS were compared in handiness, public presentation and cost. Potential benefits of those two were clearly described as good. The processor used in his TMR design was KCPSM, an 8-bit microcontroller. It was free downloaded from Xilinx’s web site and served as a readily available test-case processor while waiting handiness of other high public presentation processors. Constructing and testing of the TMR were done on Xilinx Foundation series package which was available at Naval Postgraduate School ( NPS ) . Voters and an mistake encoder were designed and explained in item. Other issues including interrupt modus operandi and memory/error accountant were left as follow- on research. In the FPGA subdivision, different FPGAs were compared in a figure of facets. Five major parametric quantities for taking a good FPGA were gate count, handiness of hardware and package, bundles ( flat-pack vs. ball-grid-array ) , re-programmability and radiation tolerance. The Xilinx XCV800 was chosen as the campaigner at that clip for future execution [ 25 ] . 3.1.2. Ebert’s Research A complete CFTP conceptual design presented was in Dean A. Ebert’s thesis. For hardware considerations, his thesis discussed why specific constituents were chosen and how french friess communicated in an incorporate circuit. More item and realistic constructs about FPGA and CFTP constellations were described than earlier and french friess were selected based on a figure of space-environment considerations. Discussion of system memory was of import and first described in this thesis. Memory constellation accountant, functional logic and glue logic were besides new thoughts ne’er talked about in old work. The TMR circuitry was non one of the chief subjects in his research, but from his work one can visualise the external connexions of the FPGA and understand the function of TMR in the CFTP procedure. Figure 4 illustrates the layout of the board he developed The CFTP will be launched into LEO orbit on two orbiters, NPSAT-1 and Mid- STAR-1, in 2006. How the Department of De fense and Navy Space Experiment Review Board ( SERB ) and the Space Test Program ( STP ) Office were involved with these two orbiters was described in his thesis. Other paperss related to plan descriptions and demands of the STP office were attached every bit appendixes as good [ 26 ] . 3.1.3. Johnson’s Implementation Steven A. Johnson [ 5 ] focused his work on TMR design. The indispensable constituents to do a circuit be fault-tolerant were identified. Circuits designed in Lashomb’s thesis could non be used due to different design architecture and the important ascent of computer-aided-design package employed. Basic constructs for building a TMR circuit were still the same, but implemented in a different manner. All processor end product signals have to be voted. Interrupt was compiled in a province diagram and used to trip the interrupt service modus operandi to rectify an mistake inside the processor.ESSDwas used to salvage the mistake syndrome in order to offer a log file for analysis. The off-chip memory for the CFTP is Von Neumann architecture. The Von Neumann architecture has merely one reference coach and one information coach. Due to this difference, aConciliatorwas designed to organize different timing restraints in order to do a proper read and compose on memory. Normally, TMR communicates withConciliatorin order to entree memory. Meanwhile, the syndrome informations is latched intoESSDirrespective of an mistake happening or non. When an mistake occurs, a signal will be sent to disrupt and starts the Interrupt Service Routine ( ISR ) . At this minute, KDLX is stalled andESSDsaves the mistake syndrome to memory throughConciliator. Then interrupTgenerates a TRAP direction to KDLX and leads the whole circuit into an mistake rectification status. When KDLX sees the TRAP direction, it jumps to a specific memory location and the plan counter value before the leap is saved in an interrupt reference registry ( IAR ) , a particular registry inside KDLX. In the mistake rectification status, the contents of all registries inside KDLX are saved to memory through electors. Then, each registry is reloaded from memory. The intent for making this measure is to rectify any incompatibilities of the registries in all three KDLX processors. Since all contents ha ve to go through electors while salvaging, any mistake inside any registry will be corrected [ 26 ] . 3.1.4. N-Modular Keun Soo Yim, et.al. [ 8 ] nowadayss fault-tolerant, programmable elector architecture for software-implementedNitrogen-tuple modular redundant ( NMR ) computing machine systems. Software NMR is a cost-effective solution for high-performance, mission-critical computing machine systems because this can be built on top of commercial off-the-shelf ( COTS ) devices. Due to the big volume and entropy of voting informations, package NMR system requires a programmable elector. Our experiment shows that voting package that executes on a processor has the time-of-check-to-time-of-use ( TOCTTOU ) exposures and is unable to digest long continuance mistakes. In order to turn to these two jobs, we present a special-purpose elector processor and its embedded package architecture. The processor has a set of new instructions and hardware faculties that are used by the package in order to speed up the vote package executing and turn to the identified two dependability jobs. We have implemented the pr esented system on an FPGA platform. Our rating consequence shows that utilizing the presented system reduces the executing clip of mistake sensing codifications ( normally used in voting package ) by 14 % and their codification size by 56 % . Our mistake injection experiments validate that the presented system removes the TOCTTOU exposures and recovers under both transient and long continuance mistakes. This is achieved by utilizing 0.7 % excess hardware in a baseline processor [ 27 ] . How to cite Literature Review of Fault Tolerant Systems, Essay examples

Essay About Survival Of The Fittest Example For Students

Essay About Survival Of The Fittest Charles Darwin felt strongly that observations made on large scale explorationssuch as his voyage on the Beagle showed conclusively that many clearly differentorganisms, animals as well as plants, were related to one another buy someunknown law. In other words Darwin was trying to prove that evolution existed.However Darwin does outline how a purely natural process of selection couldproduce similar effects, and thus explain the development of new species withoutreference to supernatural intervention. Taking that into consideration, Ibelieve that by Natural Selection Darwin is trying to portray thestruggle for existence and adaptation for survival among living things. WithNatural Selection, Darwin used this term to explain the casual mechanism, whichis responsible for the operation of his theory. He would go about and abandonhis term in favor of the term Survival of the Fittest. Although he receivedcriticism from so many of his peers for using Natural Selection, the term isquite important because virtually all biologists used it as the explanation forthe mechanism. A main reason why Natural Selection was not very popular wasbecause evolution requires enormously long periods of time, that the everydayexperience of human beings provides them with no ability to interpret suchhistories. Looking at Darwins position, Survival of the Fittest had a greatmeaning on the struggle for existence and Darwins emphasis on abundance. Firstlooking at Survival of the fittest, its a phrase that describes the outcome ofa competition where there is no possibility of predicting the outcome in advancebecause of the complexity of the conditions of the competition. It describesonly the effect or outcome of an event by its very nature and regardless of thesituation in which it is used. For example, if it were used to describe theoutcome of an auto race such as the Nascar, using the term, It will be survivalof the fittest would indicate that the victor would be unknown until theend of the race. Similarly, if discussing the survival of a business in acollapsing economy or perhaps the survival of a race of people during fiercewars would indicate that nothing would be known about the outcome until the endof the particular event. Secondly Survival of the Fittest was used extensivelybecause it was a better, more descriptive, explanation of the mechanism of whichevolution occurred. The term contains an implicit assumption that survivors arean improved form of organism compared to those, which do not survive. Althoughintelligence is a key to improvements it is not however true for the field ofbiological reproduction. There is no human intelligence available to weed outthe defectives and alter the process toward a more desirable end. As moreindividuals are produced that can possibly survive, there must in every case bea struggle for existence, either one individual with another of the samespecies, or with the individuals of distinct species, or with physicalconditions of life. Keeping that in mind, I came upon one of the greatestmysteries of biological history, the vanishing of the dinosaurs. Here Survivalof the Fittest plays a routine role because the fittest were some form ofbacteria. Does that mean that the smaller the organism the more chances of it tosurvive? A look at the fossil record shows that 99. 99% of the survivors weresimpler organisms and the survivors that we know of today are not the 0.01% ofsurvivors that are more fit from a complexity standpoint and thus prove themethodology of the theory. So what does the term fittest mean? It is speculatedthat the term fittest refers to an organism which has the bestcapability for acquiring and using all the available nutrients, all whiledeveloping or having a capability of fending off physical threats to itsexistence. However this concept would indeed be an explanation for a certaintype of organism. .u1656a888b25a51496e82b195138ed4bb , .u1656a888b25a51496e82b195138ed4bb .postImageUrl , .u1656a888b25a51496e82b195138ed4bb .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1656a888b25a51496e82b195138ed4bb , .u1656a888b25a51496e82b195138ed4bb:hover , .u1656a888b25a51496e82b195138ed4bb:visited , .u1656a888b25a51496e82b195138ed4bb:active { border:0!important; } .u1656a888b25a51496e82b195138ed4bb .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1656a888b25a51496e82b195138ed4bb { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1656a888b25a51496e82b195138ed4bb:active , .u1656a888b25a51496e82b195138ed4bb:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1656a888b25a51496e82b195138ed4bb .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1656a888b25a51496e82b195138ed4bb .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1656a888b25a51496e82b195138ed4bb .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1656a888b25a51496e82b195138ed4bb .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1656a888b25a51496e82b195138ed4bb:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1656a888b25a51496e82b195138ed4bb .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1656a888b25a51496e82b195138ed4bb .u1656a888b25a51496e82b195138ed4bb-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1656a888b25a51496e82b195138ed4bb:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Last Seven Months of Anne Frank- Willy Lindwer Essay For example, there are many coral deposits throughout theworld, some which are immense in size such as the body coral, which is currentlyin Florida. Unfortunately marine coral is really not an organism, but rather acollection of organisms. Since there are really no such organisms in existenceas described above, it must be concluded that this is not what thefittest is, in the sense of Darwins meaning. The termfittest as contained in Survival of the Fittest can only beconstrued as the organism fitter than other members of organisms falling into aspecial group. This is consistent with the descriptions used by Darwin and alsoused by most evolutionists in the explanation offered for the mechanism ofevolution. A quick look in the animal kingdom shows the rapidly reproducingFruit Fly, with a serious deficiency that being the inability to penetrate theskin of even the thinnest of fruit, and thus release the sugars which begin theprocess which produces their food. These mechanisms are available in thousandsof organisms, both in the animal and vegetable kingdoms. Many mechanisms such asin the mosquito, stingers, bee/wasp, or a dissolving fluid such as produced byother insects abound in nature. It is inexplicable in the Darwinian sense, thatsome advice or method of doing this would fail to be developed over the pasteons of their existence. It must be concluded that while they are survivors,they are not the fittest. This leads to the fact that Darwins theory has notexplained the existing spectrum of living organisms either in the initialdevelopment from the mineral state or in the highly developed state in which itexists today. In conclusion, Darwin stresses that nothing is easier than toadmit in words the truth of the universal struggle for life. Darwin also pointsthat in looking at Nature, it is most necessary to never forget that everysingle organic being around us may be said to be striving to the utmost increasein numbers. He says that each lives by a struggle at some period of its life:that heavy destruction inevitably falls either on young or old, during eachgeneration or at a recurrent intervals. We behold the fact of nature bright withgladness, we often see superabundance of food, and that the birds which are idlysinging round us mostly live on insects or seeds and thus constantly destroyinglife. Darwin makes it clear that the structure of every organic being isrelated, in the most essential yet often hidden manner, to that of all otherorganic beings, with which it comes into competition for food or residence andfrom which it has to escape, or on which it preys. This is obvious in thestructure of the teeth and talons of the tiger, and in that of the legs andclaws of the parasite, which clings to the hair on the tigers body. Afterlooking at all the examples it turns out that this is an unabated belief systemwhich underlies the study of all the physical sciences. The most important ofthese beliefs is that all phenomena in the universe are capable of beingmeasured or acknowledged, by one of the five senses of man. It ought to be notedthat to evolutionists, there is no objection to philosophy being a part ofscience and the fact that it is absolutely unthinkable to them that religion bea part of it only shows a bias of the same sort that keeps Darwins theoryalive. But we must not forget that neither philosophy nor religion is a properconsideration of the physical sciences and the theory of Charles Darwin. At lastI must say this was a fascinating project and for years to come Darwins theorywill explore many questions of nature and survival that are not yet cleared andwill solve many mysteries that we have not solved.

The Exclamation Point Avoiding Overuse

Besides the comma, there’s probably no punctuation mark more overused than the exclamation point. Marketers, pulp fiction writers and overexcited people in general just love them. Unfortunately, too many exclamation points in your copy will make your audience feel that your writing is disingenuous. As with most things, exclamation points are best used in moderation. To get people to take you seriously, it’s important to use them correctly and effectively. A few common pitfalls for exclamation point misuse are: 1. At the end of a sentence Exclamation points should generally be used alone at the end of a sentence, since they are technically terminal. It shouldn’t be followed by a question mark or period, even when the exclaimed sentence is a question. Incorrect: How did you get in there?! Correct: How did you get in there! This rule is disregarded so often that it almost feels counter-intuitive. But the exclamation mark is strong enough to stand on its own without the help of a question mark, even if you really want it to be there. 2. In the middle of a sentence Sometimes you’ll have quotations in the midst of a sentence that end with an exclamation point. When this happens, omit the comma (the exclamation point, as terminal punctuation, trumps the comma). This one is definitely consistently misused. Incorrect: â€Å"There’s a fire!,† she yelled. Correct: â€Å"There’s a fire!† she yelled. 3. When citing a title Some books have exclamation points in their titles (as mentioned above, pulp fiction writers love them). When using a title or proper noun in a sentence, the exclamation point is considered part of the title and not punctuation, so a comma afterward is necessary. Correct: I was watching the movie Them!, and it was really hokey. As you can see, exclamation points aren’t too difficult to use correctly. Pair this with discerning use to effectively deliver your message to your target audience.

Java Final Exam Study Guide Essays

Java Final Exam Study Guide Essays Java Final Exam Study Guide Essay Java Final Exam Study Guide Essay Final Exam Study Guide Chapters from 6 to 12 Sections that you need to know from the chapters Chapter 6 6. 1Event Controlled Loops Using while 6. 2General Form for while loops 6. 4Looping Techniques (not animation) 6. 5 Type-Safe Input Using Scanner 6. 6Constructing Loop Conditions 6. 7Testing Techniques for while 6. 8Event-Controlled Loops Using do/While 6. 10Count-Controlled Loops Using for 6. 11Nested Loops (And everything else I taught you about loops) Chapter 7 7. 1Defining a Class 7. 2Defining Instance Variables . 3Writing Class Methods 7. 4Writing Constructors 7. 5Writing Accessor Methods 7. 6Writing Mutator Methods 7. 8Writing Data Manipulation Methods (I have taught you how to write the Calculation Class – â€Å"black box† concept. Encapsulation, Polymorphism) 7. 9The Object Reference this 7. 10The toString and equals Methods (you need to know equalsIgnoreCase †¦. ) 7. 11Static class members Chapter 8 8. 1Declaring and Instantiating Arrays 8. 2Accessing Array Elements 8. 3Aggregate Array Operations (not anything from 8. 3. 4) 8. Using Array in classes Includes all what I have taught you that is not in the book on single dimensional arrays. (Array of objects) Chapter 9 9. 1Declaring and Instantiating Multidimensional Arrays 9. 2Accessing Multidimensional Array Elements Chapter 10 Everything I covered on the two PowerPoint presentations on this subject Chapter 11 11. 1Simple Exception Handling 11. 2The java. io package 11. 3Reading and Writing Text Files 11. 6Writing and Appending to Structured Text Files Chapter 12 All Sections except 12. 8, 12. 12, 12. 16, 12. 18

From the precpective of the human cognitive abilitis are current Essay

From the precpective of the human cognitive abilitis are current computer well designed - Essay Example Here, according to Zaphiris and Ang (2009), human perception, memory, and attention are important because these are crucial in ensuring the minimal use of their efforts and interaction with technology in the ultimate aim of enhanced human-computer interaction –. (p. 2550) In the context of human-centered design, it is posited that there should be a convergence of the content information, the user, the designer, and infrastructure along with the enhancement of communication effectiveness. Norman suggested three requirements for a computer design that effectively addresses the human cognitive abilities. These are: 1) conceptual models which make invisible functions visible by using feedback, as the effect of an interaction, and explanations of its use; 2) constraints which are proactive measure to limit the choices of interaction and reduce human errors; and, 3) affordance is the perception and actual properties of the thing. It suggests how the device can be possibly operated. (cited in Zaphiris and Ang 2550) With these variables in mind, it is easy to understand how the current computing technologies are well designed. Computers are currently designed after through analysis and synthesis of individual needs, cultural practice, preferences, and, yes, cognitive ability of its users. A specific demonstration of this is computer developers’ preoccupation with usability, visibility and functionality. In developing a computer operating system, for example, companies such as Microsoft and Apple are bent on reducing errors of everyday life by designing systems that feature easy navigation system, user-friendly environments, functional interface, memorability, lack of errors and user satisfaction, among other variables. This is also shown in the way designers create interaction tasks, techniques, devices and applications. The input-output relationship that characterize

Air Pollution in the USA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Air Pollution in the USA - Essay Example Air pollution is a very important topic for discussion and research since air itself is required for every creature and living thing on the surface of the planet. Not only on land but also in water since air pollution has an effect on the level of contaminants in the sea as well. Undoubtedly, air pollution levels have been rising in the recent past and the overall blame for that is given to human activity and the industrial and commercial ventures of civilization as a whole. While the effects of air pollution on the environment are often disastrous and not easily reversible, the central issue with air pollution concerns itself more with the quality of life on the planet. Since human beings are the predominant creators of air pollution and they are also the life form which objects violently to air pollution, the solution for the problem also has to come from them. There are several ways and means which are currently being utilized to prevent air pollution from becoming a mammoth problem and some of those are discussed in this paper. Method The research for this paper was conducted in the library and various electronic and manual sources were utilized to locate the information which is connected with air pollution, its effect on the environment and the means by which it can be prevented. After a quick reading of collected materials, five sources were selected for detailed examination with which the ideas and constructs presented in the paper were eventually formed. The results from the research clearly show that the largest and most significant causes of air pollution are the industrial and commercial activities of humans.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Positivism

Advantages and Disadvantages of Positivism Q. Discuss the advantages, strengths, disadvantages and weaknesses of a  positivist approach to the social sciences. The profusion of use and multifariousness of meaning of the word positivism results in a need for any essay on the subject to first give its own precise definition for its use of the term, distinguishing its particular context from its use in other contexts. The term positivism, first coined by the philosopher Auguste Comte in the nineteenth-century, was first originally confined to the boundaries of philosophy and natural science; by the present, the term has spread its meaning to cover fields as diverse as law, political theory, the social sciences, philosophy and even literature. In all of these fields the dictionary definition of positivism as ‘. . . a system recognizing only that which can be scientifically verified or logically proved, and therefore rejecting metaphysics and theism’ (Oxford, 1989: pp. 385-386) remains broadly true of most of its uses, though it does little to reveal the subtle distinctions of use of the word positivism in each of these disciplines. For instance, legal positivism is ‘. . . a view which, in contrast to the natural law view, claims that a legal system can be defined independently of evaluative terms or propositions is the view that in law’ (Hugh-Jones, S. Laidlaw, J, 2000: p88); in literature positivism refers to a specific period of Polish literature where writers were inspired by the nascent achievements of science and technology; and in philosophy the term logical positivism meant the scientific investigation of the philosophy of language — as in writers such as Wittgenstein. All in all then, the term positivism has an umbrella use designated by the dictionary definition, but then has several further and more individualistic uses depending upon the context in which it appears. ‘Positivism is the view that serious scientific inquiry should not search for ultimate causes deriving from some outside source but must confine itself to the study of relations existing between facts which are directly accessible to observation’ (Hugh-Jones, S. Laidlaw, J: 2000: p.3) The definition of positivism chosen for use in this essay, its particular domain being the social sciences, is that stated above by Hugh-Jones and Laidlaw. According to this version of positivism, data gathered from sense perceptions is the only possible data that may be used as a foundation for knowledge and thought. Hence, all data and phenomena taken from beyond sense perceptions or the properties of observable things is banished — thuds a priori metaphysics and theology dismissed in toto. Science alone sets the perimeters for human knowledge, and, accordingly, positivism maintains the expectation that science will ultimately attain to solve all human problems. As such, a social scientific definition of positivism regards the research of social scientists as identical in importance to that of natural scientists; that is, social scientists, like natural scientists, employ theories and explanations for phenomena, inferred from sense data for the purpose of social benefit. Wit h respect to political science as a social science Popper thus says ‘We get the particular definition of one of the social sciences — political science — which tries to separate the subject from the values we apply to it, and argues that it is possible to develop value-free knowledge’ (Popper, 1983: p. 75). This quotation shows the extent to which one particular social science’s use of the term positivism has mutated from its general umbrella use. For the purposes of this essay, positivism will be regarded as having four essential characteristics (King, 1994: p. 204). (1) It is concrned with the search for the unification of scientific method, that is, with the notion that logic and inquiry are universal principles extending across all scientific domains. (2) That the ultimate end of scientific inquiry is to gives explanations of social phenomenon and to make predictions about their behaviour as according to discernable laws of society. Thus positivism in the social sciences seeks also to develop a ‘general law of social understanding’, by discovering necessary and sufficient conditions for any phenomenon. (3) Positivism maintains that social scientific knowledge must always be subject to proof through empirical experimentation. All subjects of reaseach and investigation in the social sciences should be based upon observations derived from sense-perceptions. (4) Social sciences must seek to free themselves of valu e-judgements as far as possible, and of moral, political, and religion ideas that might contaminate their research. Thus, in short: social sciences must seek to dicover universal conditions behind social phenomena;all social scientific empirical statements must be asolute truthes which are true at all times and true in all places; finally, research can proved only by empirical experimentation. In There Is More Than One Way To Do Political Science Marsh Smith (2001), while debating whether the social sciences might legitimately have both a positivist and realist approach to science, argue that one of the principal strengths of positivism is that it is ‘foundationalist’: that is ‘. . . in ontological terms it argues that there is a ‘‘real world’’ out there, that it is independent of an agent’s knowledge of it’ and that ‘. . . it is possible, using the proper ‘‘research methods’’ for an observer to discover these real relationships between social phenomenon’ (Marsh Smith, 2001: p. 529). Thus the great strength and advantage of a positivist approach to the social sciences is that it grounds anthropology, sociology, political science and so on upon a hard and definite ‘foundation’ of empirically testable data, and makes theories out of this data from which absolute laws of social behaviour may be attained. A second distinct advantage then of positivism is that it permits an analysis of the causal relationships between phenomena. Positivism thus allows the social sciences to make certain predictions about the phenomenal world. Thus Dowding states ‘. . . all good political scientists produce models with definite predictions . . . which they can then test one way or another against data gathered from the actual world’ (Dowding, 2001: p. 92). A chief strength then of a positivistic approach, is that it brings to the social sciences the desire to emulate the excellence of the natural sciences in respect of their rigorous experimentation, precisely stated hypotheses, definite laws, and thus prediction of behaviour. By approaching its investigations thus, social scientists attain a high level of accuracy in their results and in their predictions, and thus come closer to a total description of the behaviour of social phenomenon. By approa ching the social sciences from a positivist position, social scientists are able to cut away from existing ‘knowledge’ many prejudices, suppositions, superstitions and other non-scientific opinions that have gathered about these social phenomena (Marsh Smith, 2001). In other words, positivism, by declaring valid only those things which conform to its vigorous standards of investigation, strips social phenomenon of their perceived nature and reveals them as they really are. A second key advantage of taking a positivist approach to the social sciences is that such a move solidly roots the social sciences in the accomplishments of the natural sciences over the past four hundred years. Early positivists like Comte, Spencer and Saint-Simon understood their theory and work as something growing directly out of the experimental and theoretical achievements of the great natural scientists like Newton, Spinoza, Darwin and others. Comte knew that the natural sciences and natural scientists, were essentially positivist: that is, they appealed to the perception and measurement of objective sense-data from which to make experiments, analyze results and make theory, predictions and laws. Comte and the other early positivists thus understood their work as an act of ‘making explicit’ the theory which natural scientists had adhered to for centuries. When, in the twentieth-century, social positivists like Ernst Laas, Friedrich Jodl and Eugen Duhring began to establish the theoretical and experimental parameters of the social sciences, they also understood their work as a branch of the natural sciences and as a continuation of its discoveries. Anthropologists, sociologists, social scientists of the early twentieth-century faced a choice: they could orientate their subjects within the sphere of natural science and its immense harvest of the past two decades, or they could orientate it in the sphere of theology and the liberal arts which had dominated all human history before the advent of natural science. Laas, Jodl, Duhring and later Marsh, Smith and others have all agreed that the social sciences must be built upon the platform established by the natural sciences. These sciences have been the predominant intellectual authority for Western Europe for nearly four hundred years, and social scientists think that the positivist approach to the natural sciences offers greater objectivity, certainty of prediction, and deeper insight into thei r subjects than could achieved by any other method of inquiry. Further, the allegiance of the social sciences to the natural sciences, through a shared conviction in the positivist philosophy, means that the social sciences can constantly draw upon the fund of new empirical material daily unearthed by these natural sciences. In other words: if the social sciences have an exchange of knowledge between themselves and the natural sciences, then every refinement of experimental method, theory, or analysis achieved by the natural sciences may be immediately seized upon and utilized by the social sciences also. And, vice-versa, this interchange allows the social sciences to more freely disseminate their discoveries within the world of the natural sciences. Moreover, by sharing a positivist philosophy with the natural sciences, the social sciences may draw from its authority in the presentation of their results to the wider scientific and academic community. That is, the employment of positivism by the social sciences, dispels and neutralizes the accus ations from some quarters of the scientific and outside world, for instance those of Karl Popper, that such sciences are ‘pseudo-sciences’. This claim can hold no weight if it is seen that the natural and social sciences share alike the same methodology and principles of operation. Nonetheless, it should be made clear that whilst the social sciences derive authority and knowledge from the natural sciences, that they do not depend upon it exclusively for authority. Indeed, the social sciences have made their own refinements to positivism, and thus their methods of experimentation and analysis, quite independently of those achieved in the natural sciences. The social sciences have adapted the positivism they received from the social sciences to conform to their own empirical material and the idiosyncratic and diverse domains encountered in societies and the human world. In short, the social sciences have moulded positivism to the world of empirical human affairs, thus ent ering a territory that the natural sciences had previously not trodden. Historically, perhaps the greatest weakness and hence disadvantage of positivism generally, and with respect to the social sciences in particular, has been its insistence upon methodological absoluteness. Since the time of positivism’s foundation in the philosophy of Auguste Comte, positivists have persistently sought to use its scientific methods to explain every conceivable aspect of social phenomenon; that is, they have wanted to observe an object in its totality, tracing its entire phenomenological casuistry, its material composition, and thus produce a absolute theory of knowledge about that phenomenon. According to this scientific philosophy positivism must produce absolute laws to describe the behaviour and nature of phenomenal objects. The naivety of this search for the perfection of methodology and absoluteness of social scientific laws was exposed in the second half of the twentieth century, firstly by the advent of post-modernism (Popper, 1989: p.109-128), which sho wed the epistemological difficulties — impossibilities? — of extending science to such extreme levels; secondly, positivism’s applicability in all instances was increasingly undermined by the new theories of social scientists themselves. The various discoveries of anthropology, sociology, political science and other social sciences led researchers to an ever clearer conclusion: the phenomena of social science are far too sophisticated and involve the intimate interaction of too many separate objects, people and processes to be scientifically observed in their totality. Sociologists for instance, in their investigations into the mechanisms of the smallest of social units, the family, soon realized that no absolute and all-encompassing laws could be applied to the behaviour of these units (Gerrad, 1969: pp. 201-212); the great complexity coming from the need for the axioms and paradigms which are true of one family unit must, according to pure positivism, be shown to be true of all family units in all places and at all times. Pure positivism states that the laws of social science are of the same type and significance as the laws of physics, biology and chemistry; but for these laws to attain this equality, the laws of social science must be easily expressible and as rigorously testable as those of the natural sciences. The difficulty of attaining such equality is easily demonstrated by Gerrard’s (Gerrard, 1969) experiments, where he discusses the complexity of social issues involved in a four member family unit in America, and then postulates the near impossibility of scientifically demonstrating that family units in Northern France, in Thailand, in Hawaii and in all other places can be shown to obey the same exact rules as those affecting the family in America. Thus social scientists from the 1950’s onwards, confronted with the sheer vastness of ethnic, racial and community diversity, began to question the possibility of producing social laws that would be universally and ubiquitously binding. And in 2006 when even natural scientists have no certainties even about the exact behaviour and nature of a single atom; how can social scientists hope to prove laws for something as complex as a city? Another weakness of extreme positivism has been its inability to accurately prove its hypotheses through empirical experiments (Popper, 1983: p. 12 also: Dowding, 1995: p. 138). Whereas experimentation in the natural sciences usually involves the investigation of inanimate or relatively simple objects such as metals, stars, chemicals and so, these having the same properties constantly, in contrast, social phenomenon — people, communities, organizations etc., — are animate and are compositions of vast complexly intertwining feelings, emotions, thoughts, volitions, passions, motives, associations and so on. Thus, to undertake a social experiment, a social scientist has to be sure that he can separate the single mental or behavioural element, say ‘a criminal tendency’ that he wants to investigate, and then to exclude or control the influence of the other mental and social factors that will otherwise affect the accuracy of the experiment. In many instances suc h exclusion is nearly impossible to the degree of purity demanded by extreme positivists; a human being cannot be put in a test-tube or a vacuum and so shielded from external influences in the way that magnesium or atoms can. Thus social scientists have become ever more conscious that a major limitation of the positivist approach in respect to their discipline is its insistence upon perfect conditions for experimentation and for the accuracy of hypotheses and predictions (Dowding, 1995). Further, other discoveries in the social sciences have begun to place an ever greater emphasis upon the life of the individual and upon subjective experiences as vital factors in the constituency of societies (Marsh Furlong, 2002). The hermeneutic or ‘interpretive’ approach has come to assume ever greater importance within the social sciences, setting up for itself an area of investigation of phenomenon quite different from positivism, and therefore undermining the legitimacy of positivism’s claims to describe the totality of social phenomenon. Positivism is, according to this view, the outcome of a particular culture and particular history (Western European); what legitimacy then does it have to proclaim its results as of universal validity, as it must, to meet its own standards of scientific investigation? Moreover, social scientists themselves bring to their experiments their own subjective experiences, their own thoughts, volitions, prejudices etc., and these all affect experimentation and thus the security of results — just as surely do these things in the subjects of analysis. Thus David Marsh and Martin Smith have stated, in their powerful metaphor derived from Marsh’s earlier article, that ‘In the social sciences . . . subjective ontological and epistemological positions should not be treated like a pullover that can be ‘‘put on’’ when we are addressing such philosophical issues and ‘‘taken off’’ when we are doing research’ (Marsh Smith, 2005: p.531). That is, they should not be treated as a ‘pullover’, as temporary measure, as they have been by positivists to date. In the final analysis, it seems clear that neither the extreme positivism once advocated in the wake of Auguste Comte’s first philosophical writings, nor extreme anti-positivism nor anti-foundationalist positions as have recently been taken by some hermeneutists and realists, can lead to significant future progress in the social sciences. The chief strength and advantage of a positivist approach is the vigorous process of setting hypotheses, of empirical experimentation to test these hypotheses, of deep analysis to measure the results, and then the ability to codify the results in a set of laws and predictions. Claiming for themselves, in this sense, a parallel certainty of laws and predictions as and laws demanded by the natural sciences, positivism reveals to the social sciences phenomenal objects as they really are — as they are when stripped of superstitions, fallacious theories, prejudice and so on. Positivism demands a definite residue of facts and ‘truthsâ €™ that are universally applicable to social groups and communities irregardless of time, place or environment. In striving so vigorously for such ideals, positivism gives the social sciences a high degree of authority and respectability within the wider scientific and academic community as a whole. Further, a positivist approach in the social sciences affords a ready means of comparison and exchange of knowledge between other disciplines such law, philosophy, literature and so that employ positivism also. Indeed, in seminal respects, such is the importance of positivism for the social sciences that it is difficult to see how they could justify being ‘sciences’ without it. The two principal disadvantages of a positivist application to the social sciences are these: firstly, that its search for ideal and perfect standards of scientific methodology and analysis are too unrealistic when set beside the extreme complexity of social phenomenon; the second weakness, is positivism’s lack of empathy and consideration of the subjective, individual and hermeneutic aspects of social phenomenon. Dealing with the first objection, critics of positivism argue that it cannot — working as it does in the outside world, in cities and in companies, in villages and mass organizations — attain the same standards of empirical excellence, either in experimentation or in verification of results, as can natural scientists working in the controlled conditions of a laboratory and deriving principles mostly from inanimate matter of slighter sophistication than human beings. Moreover, social scientists have a nearly insuperable difficulty in codifying laws of so cial phenomena with the precision that physics or chemistry allow for material phenomena. Thus positivism in the social sciences attains a lower level of prediction and accuracy with respect to the phenomenon it observes, than do the natural sciences. The second major weakness of a positivist application is its failure to take sufficient account of the subjectivity of individual life and to interpret the meaning of that phenomenon for the subject and the community of the subject. On these matters positivism has nearly nothing to say, and thus it is barred from a whole hemisphere of human social experience. As the first sentence of this conclusion suggested: neither an extreme positivist not an extreme subjective or hermeneutic attitude can dominate the future of the social sciences. Rather, social scientists must learn to join positivism with subjectivism, thus fusing the two halves of social phenomenal experience. If positivism can be brought into union with the subjective in the social sciences, and if positivists can learn to tolerate something less than perfection in their methodological approach, then positivism must still be said to have a large contribution to make to the future of social science. In might be said then, in our final words, that positivism is simultaneously an advantage and disadvantage for the social sciences; whether one or other of these qualities is dominant remains to be seen. BIBLIOGRAPHY — Dowding, K. (2001). ‘There Must Be An End To Confusion: Policy Networks, Intellectual Fatigue, and the Need for Political Science Methods Courses in British Universities, in Political Studies, Vol 1., pp. 89-105. — Dowding, K. (1995). Model or Metaphor? A Critical Review of the Policy of Network Approach. Political Studies, Vol. 45, Issue. 1, pp. 136-158. — Green, D. P. Shapiro, I. (1994). Pathologies of Rational Choice Theory : A Critique of Applications in Political Science, pp. 89-95. New Haven, London. — Gerrard, James. (1969). The Sociology of the Family, pp. 303-316. Ford Press, Pittsburgh. — King, G. (et al.). (1994). Designing Social Enquiry: Scientific Inference in Qualitative Research, pp 201-208. Princeton University Press, Princeton.  ­Ã¢â‚¬â€ Hugh-Jones, Steven Laidlaw, James. (2000). The Essential Edmund Leach, p163. New Haven, London. — Marsh, David Smith, Martin. (2001). ‘There Is More Than One Way To Do Social Science: On Different Ways To Study Political Networks’ in Volume 49, Number 3, pp. 528-541. — Marsh, David Furlong, Paul. (2002). ‘A Skin Not a Sweater: Ontology and Epistemology in Political Science’ in Marsh, David and Stoker, Jerry (Eds.). Epistemology in Political Science, pp. 17-41. Palgrave, Basingstoke. — Popper, Karl R. (1983). Realism and the Aim of Science, pp 1-13. Routledge, London. — Popper, Karl R. (1989). Conjectures and Refutations: the Growth of Scientific Knowledge, 69-76. Routledge, London. — Quirk, Randolph (et al.) (Eds.). (1989). The Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

College Admissions Essay: Passion for Life :: College Admissions Essays

A Passion for Life    I am a senior at Western High School. I am currently a member of the Honors program and I will be graduating in the spring of 2003. While at Western, I have been involved in many activities including; collegiate track, the fencing team, forensics, volunteer programs and foreign studies. Western has enabled me to broaden my knowledge in many areas of study. I have enrolled in many courses that have helped me become a well-rounded, educated individual.    I have a plethora of interests and experience's. My philosophy of life leads me to encounter many new adventures and challenges that I find immense interests in learning and conquering. My passion for life allows me to apply my endless energy into many hobbies, studies, and personal relationships. I will never loose my passion or my commitment to learning about life and the experience it offers.    I have enjoyed hiking the Southern Alps of New Zealand, swimming the salty waters of the Mediterranean Sea, brushing my hand over the smooth tiles of the Opera House of Sydney Australia, climbing to the top of the Eiffel Tower of France, hearing the deep bells of Big Ben in London, witnessing the artistic beauty of the Sistine Chapel in Italy and many more memories that will be remembered and soon accompanied by more.    My close personal relationships are few, however, significantly important in my life and defining who I am. I have two sisters, Rebecca and Jennifer, who have helped me become the loving woman I am today. I have one brother, Nolan, who brought me under his wing as I grew and taught me the key to creativity. I have a father, John, who has shown to me the importance of honest hard work and unconditional love.

Lending Decision

Coles Group Limited Formerly known as Coles Myer Limited. The Group's principal activities are carried out through the following business segments: Food, Liquor & Fuel, Kmart, Target and Office works. Food, Liquor & Fuel involves retailing grocery, liquor and fuel products. Kmart and Target involve retailing apparel and general merchandise. Office-works involves retailing office supplies. Major brands include Coles, Bi-Lo. Liquor-land, Vintage Cellars, 1st Choice, Theo's, Coles Express, Kmart, Target and Office-works. It operates around 2,600 stores in Australia and New Zealand. It also has branch offices located in China. On 31 March 2006, the Group acquired Sydney Drug Stores Pty Ltd (trading as Pharmacy Direct). On 2 June 2006, it disposed of its Myer business. On 14 June 2006, it completed the acquisition of the Hedley Hotel Group. On 9 November 2006, it divested its Mega-mart stores The most common claim with regard to the importance of money in our everyday life is the morally neutral if comically exaggerated claim that makes the world go round'. Equally exaggerated but showing a deeper insight is the biblical warning that ‘the love of money is the root of all evil', neatly transformed by George Bernard Shaw into the fear that it is rather the lack of money which is the root of all evil. However, whether it is the love or conversely the lack of money which is potentially sinful, the purpose of the statement in either case is to underline the overwhelming personal and moral significance of money to society in a way that gives a broader and deeper insight into its importance than simply stressing its basically economic aspects, as when we say that money makes the world go round'. Consequently whether we are speaking of money in simple, socalled primitive communities or in much more advanced, complex and sophisticated societies, it is not enough merely to examine the narrow economic aspects of money in order to grasp its true meaning. To analyze the significance of money it must be broadly studied in the context of the particular society concerned. It is a matter for the heart as well as for the head: feelings are reasons, too. National currencies are an inadequate form of world money, but at least their use in international transactions avoids the faults of commodity-money. A monetary standard based on strategic commodities, no matter whether gold alone or some combination of raw materials, will always suffer from their relatively inelastic and uncertain supply conditions. Producers of the money commodity will have an outright advantage over others in the marketplace. Even if we reduce the role of the money commodity to that of last-resort reserve and numeraire for exchange rates, as was the case with the gold exchange standard of Bretton Woods, such a hybrid system is prone to break down. Commodity-money and credit-money are essentially incompatible forms of money and do not coexist easily with each other. One or the other will dominate, and each form of dominance will cause its peculiar sources of instability (e.g., inadequate supply of liquidity, loss of convertibility, inequitably distributed adjustment burdens). National currencies are an inadequate form of world money, but at least their use in international transactions avoids the faults of commodity-money. A monetary standard based on strategic commodities, no matter whether gold alone or some combination of raw materials, will always suffer from their relatively inelastic and uncertain supply conditions. Producers of the money commodity will have an outright advantage over others in the marketplace. Even if we reduce the role of the money commodity to that of last-resort reserve and numeraire for exchange rates, as was the case with the gold exchange standard of Bretton Woods, such a hybrid system is prone to break down. Commoditymoney and credit-money are essentially incompatible forms of money and do not coexist easily with each other. One or the other will dominate, and each form of dominance will cause its peculiar sources of instability (e.g., inadequate supply of liquidity, loss of convertibility, inequitably distributed adjustment burdens). By some measures, the real backbone of world commerce and global employment is made up of the millions of unsung small enterprises that farm small plots of land, cook food, provide daycare for children, make clay pots or straw mats by hand, do piecework for apparel makers, and carry out the countless other tasks that larger businesses don't do. In the cities of developing countries, for example, a growing percentage of the working population – sometimes estimated as high as 50 percent – is engaged in microenterprise activity. In the seven countries of southern Africa, there is evidence that small, unregistered enterprises provide work for substantially more people than the â€Å"regular,† legal ones do. In Latin America and the Caribbean, more than 50 million microenterprises employ more than 150 million workers. Even in a wealthy country like the United States, more than a quarter of all employees work for establishments of fewer than 20 people, and those businesses constitute 87 percent of all U.S. business establishments. The tasks these businesses perform cover the whole range of human activity, from the basics of housing and farming to the luxuries of entertainment and tourism. In many parts of the world, microenterprises frequently have only one employee – who is also the owner – or they benefit from the work of family members who are not really employees at all. In wealthy countries, many microenterprises may be larger, up to 10 or 20 people, for example, but still small in comparison to many of their competitors. But throughout the world, what most of these businesses do have in common is a lack of access to resources. They get little help from lawyers or accountants; often they are not able to afford retail space; many of them are not even legally registered as businesses. At almost all American banks, the board delegates loan approval authority to the professional banking staff. Such delegation permits assistant branch managers up to the president to have varying loan authority, from $5,000-$10,000 unsecured to $250,000, $500,000, or even $1 million secured. On top of this, the board often delegates still-higher authorities to loan committees or combinations of loan officers. Using a hypothetical example, if the lending limit of the financial institution is $5 million per borrower, the directors may delegate from $1 up to $1 million to individual officers, officers in tandem, and loan committees. This leaves all loans above $1 million and under $5 million to be approved by the board itself. In essence, the board has set itself as approver of the most sophisticated, most risky, and most complex lending arrangements, while the professional loan staff handles the relatively inexpensive and less-risky loan approvals. Add to this the fact that if the loans go seriously wrong, and the board has approved the loans, then the state and federal regulatory agencies may take remedial actions against the directors. Many financial institutions adopt in-house lending limits which are significantly lower than the lending limit to any one borrower that is legally available. For example, prior to the sale of First of America Bancorp to National City in 1998, the legal lending limit of First of America was $180 million to any one borrower. On the other hand, its board refused to make any loans in excess of $24 million. The directors felt that $24 million was sufficient risk exposure. Several financial institutions have set their in-house lending limit equal to the professional loan committee's lending authority, thus for all intents and purposes eliminating the board as a source of loan approvals. Micro-enterprises are more flexible and mobile than the much larger, more complex and building-bound businesses. They provide part-time work to women and men who also have to take care of families, and seasonal work in places where crops have to be harvested. They require little capital, office space, or startup title. They can thrive in rural areas, thereby slowing the rush to urbanization. Jobs in microenterprises are accessible to immigrants and disenfranchised people who need to moonlight or share jobs. And they are run by women at least as often as men, helping to reverse a pervasive global inequity. Microenterprises also offer an alternative to the conventional strategy for bringing development to poor nations – making large loans to governments for massive power or infrastructure projects. Such project-oriented development has come under growing criticism from grassroots activists, who say the projects often benefit large contractors and central governments more than they help local people. More investment in smaller, local industries, they argue, could bring economic and social benefits at far less cost. Their view is reflected in an old Chinese saying, â€Å"many little things done in many little places by many little people will change the most of the world.† For years, the First National Bank of Omaha, Neb., had a board consisting exclusively of inside professional bankers who made all loan decisions. In these financial institutions the professionals make the loan approval decisions, not the amateurs. Finally, it is up to the board to set the loan authorities and to review such loan authorities per loan officer on an annual or more frequent basis. The board must also revise lending authority by type of lending function, depending upon the size of the financial institution, so as to protect the institution from risky, inappropriate lending by staff members. The board in these cases normally reacts to the recommendations of senior management, especially the senior lending officer, who is in charge of the entire lending function. As we transition away from the high growth years of the past two decades, it's an appropriate time to reflect upon the future of the banking industry. As the economy continues to slow from what has been a remarkable global expansion, the banking industry finds itself in the middle of a dramatic transformation. Several significant trends are impacting key decision-makers of traditional financial institutions, and many are grappling with their role in the New World economy even as they try to reinforce the traditional attributes that have made them competitive. Financial institutions also face challenges on the services-side as there has been a proliferation in the number of customer touch points with the growth of the Internet, wireless, as well as traditional channels such as branches and telephone banking. This has added further pressure on profitability and on increased efficiency. Many boards today are trying to reconcile the need for greater operating efficiency while realizing that traditional channels are not going away any time soon, and at the same time recognizing the need for newer distribution channels to serve the changing demographics. There is also the need to be more creative in offering traditional and non-traditional banking and other products. This need complements the need for new revenue streams particularly non-interest fee income sources. Additionally, there is a keen acknowledgement that banks must know a lot more about their customers so they can serve them better and more profitably. Most traditional institution brands are built around service, trust and community. These are fundamental attributes that financial institutions have enjoyed for over a century. Brand strength will become increasingly important as institutions compete for customers. Brand identity will become more important because choices among customers will increase, making it more important for your target audience to differentiate between competitors. Financial institutions will differentiate on service, trust or serving a particular community or demographic set. Their brand recognition and identity will be increasingly important to their customers and will enable them to filter through the competition. REFERENCES Micro-Enterprises, Magazine article by Hal Kane; World Watch, Vol. 9, March-April 1996 The Role of the Board in Lending, Part 1 of 3 Parts: Reexamining Directors' Role in the Lending Process, Journal article by Dr. Douglas V. Austin; ABA Banking Journal, Vol. 94, 2002. The Future of Banking and the Role of Technology, Journal article by Louis Hernandez Jr., Michael D. Nicastro; ABA Banking Journal, Vol. 93, 2001. The Role of Social Capital in Development: An Empirical Assessment, Book by Christiaan Grootaert, Thierry Van Bastelaer; Cambridge University Press, 2002 Competitive Industrial Development in the Age of Information: The Role of Cooperation in the Technology Sector , Book by Richard J. Braudo, Jeffrey G. Macintosh; Routledge, 1999   

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