The Doctor’s Wife and So Long a Letter Essay -- Literature

Men have been shown to be the prime cause of ambition amid the women characters in the novels The debases wife by Sawako Ariyoshi and So foresighted a letter by Mariama B. This is strongly evident in The Doctors Wife from the time Umpei returns home, after completing his education. A major change is also noticed in Otsugis behavior towards Kae. The intense tension caused by the competition amidst the women characters is also shown in So Long a Letter when the two men, Modou Fall and Mawdo B, marry their second wives. In this essay I will be discussing how men are shown to be the prime cause of competition between the women characters in the novels The Doctors Wife and So Long a Letter and why the writers use this element.This competition helps in developing the plots of the two novels. For example, throughout the letter that Ramatoulaye writes to Aissatou, the plot of So Long a Letter revolves around the second marriages of Modou Fall and Mawdo B. This creates a sense of compet ition between Ramatoulaye and Aissatou, their first wives respectively. The competition between Ramatoulaye and Binetou to acquire the attention of their husband, Modou Fall and between Aissatou and la Petite Nabou for Mawdo B is what keeps the readers interest in the novel. This competition becomes all the more evident when Ramatoulaye describes the formalities involved in carrying out the death ceremonial for her husband, Modou Fall. When all the formalities have ended, Binetou, Ramatoulayes co-Wife, finally leaves. This gives Ramatoulaye a sense of relief. This occurs when she says, Tonight Binetou, my co-Wife, will return to her SICAP villa. At last Phew(B, p. 8) Her expressions and feelings about Binetou are expressed... ...ice has know thirty years of silence, thirty years of harassment.(B, p. 57)This clearly gives a picture of the mental state of Ramatoulaye after Modous second marriage. Again, this is the result of the competition that Modou created between Ramatoulaye an d Binetou.From this, we are able to conclude that men have been shown to be the primary cause of competition between women characters in the novels The Doctors Wife and So Long a Letter. This competition has been used by the writers to enhance the plot development, by creating conflict and to show the mental state of women. Thus the novels shake reading interesting for the readers.BibliographyAriyoshi, Sawako. The Doctors Wife. Trans. Wakako Hironaka and Ann Siller Kostant. Tokyo Kodansha Int. 2003.B, Mariama. So Long a Letter. Trans. Modup Bod-Thomas. London Heinemann, 1989. Print.

Gonorrhea Essay -- essays research papers

GonorrheaWe chose the bacterial disease gonorrhea. We were not able to findwhen the disease was observe or who discovered it.Gonorrhea is a bacterial disease that is an infection caused bygonoccocus bacteria. This bacteria is round shaped and finish live only in dark,warm, moist places. These places would include inside your body, cervix,penis, throat, and rectum. It usually involves the urethra in males, andvagina, cervix, and fallopian tubes in females.For 2-9 days there are no symptoms of Gonorrhea. Then some dooccur. on that point can be frequent burring urination and thick green-yellowdischarge from the penis or vagina. Also, there may be rectal discomfortand discharge, joint pain, a cushy rash, or sore throat and swollen glands. Formen, the opening of the penis may be red and sore. Symptoms of gonorrheashow up more in males than in females, in fact, about half of the women withgonorrhea have no symptoms. Effects of this disease could includegonococcal eye infection, blood poisoning, infectious arthritis, pelvicinflammatory disease, epididnmitis, endocarditis, inner impotence in men,and infertility in women. Also, pregnant women can infect unborn babies.Gonorrhea can be diagnosed by tests that include blood studies. There could be laboratory cultures and microscopic analysis of the dischargefrom the reproductive organs, rectum, or throat....

Waiting At The Funeral Party :: essays research papers

As we grow older the one thing we must learn to accept is we all die. After attack to this realization we set up an ornate burial ritual to say our final good-byes to the mortal we loved and give eventually join. People come to the solemnity to mourn the loss. As the ceremony progresses the mourners find themselves thinking of may things. Some people may be thinking of good cartridge holders they had with the person in the casket, while others may be thinking how unfair the death really was. Despite what everyone is thinking the one thing prevalent in all their minds is they atomic number 18 all in that room waiting to be the one in the casket. While in this morbid waiting room things such as physically visible emotion, age, and the relationship between living and recently dead can all give clues to what the mourner is thinking.No one is ever consistent in what they are thinking. In the situation of a funeral there are four main thoughts (among others) that cross the minds of those in attendance. First they think, Why did this happen? Then they think, How quickly will it be my turn? Soon they start to remember the good times. Then their minds will wonder to things they have to do later. What they think and where they start is often unflinching by the relationship they had with the deceased. The distrust of why is most often the first, if not the only question to the minds of close friends and relatives. These friends and family members can be males or females of any age. Their hard sobbing and heaving while they avoid looking at the casket can make them noticeable. When will it be my turn is often the first question to the minds of some friends of the family. The thoughts of this matter can very with the age of the deceased. When the deceased is young, the mourner will find the question mixed with feelings of unfairness. The people who spend most of their time pondering this thought can be males or females of any age (usually 15 and up). These people can be noticed when they shake their heads and try to postulate back tear which come more readily when they look at the casket.If the funeral is for an older person, people will find the previously mentioned question accompanied with thoughts of that person was close to my age.

Walden Two Essay -- essays research papers

Book Title Walden cardinalAuthor B.F. SkinnerPages 301I. SETTING     A. condemnation mid 1940s (after the end of WWII)      B. Place Walden Two, R.D. I, Canton     C. Detailed description of the opening scene          Rogers and Steve just returning from war, and looking for a unused       root read an clause on a man named Frazier who was planning to      begin an experimental utopian society. They immediately become intrigued      by the idea. Their interest brought them to the office of prof Burris,           one their cause teachers to ask if he knew anything about Frazier, or about      the new society Frazier is trying to build. Burris remembers Frazier as a      classmate at his calibrate school he recalls his extremist ideas and his &n bsp    dislike for the institution. He also recalls discussions the two had shared      about this "Utopian society." Reluctantly Burris agrees to contact Frazier,      and sends him a letter. Immediately and sky-high he replies inviting      Burris and his friends to let down the new community he has developed. Burris      meets with the two men to inform them of the invitation, and agrees to take      time off, to accompany Rogers and Steve on a visit to "Walden Two,"      Fraziers community. Rodgers lady friend Barbara, Steves girlfriend Mary,      and Burriss colleague Castle also accompany them on the visit.II. THEME a one-sentence statement of the theme of your novel          Walden Two was Skinners attempt to portray what would occur if      beha viorism were used to curve our society, he depicted a solution to the      problems of modern life that winding a new beginning, an flee from our      current society, and a dismissal of our political and econo... ...cters      visiting the Utopian society of Walden Two engage in an abundance of      dialogue, in order to go steady the spirit and the principles behind this new      community of Walden Two. Set speeches by main characters illustrate the      points that Skinner wishes to make to the referee.           Dont get me wrong, the ideas are gainsay and the reading is not      painful there is even some dramatic tension. The thought of a society like      Walden Two is intriguing, and the detail used by Skinner gives the reader a      clear picture of wh at this society may look like, and how it operates. Overall      the maintain was good, it was an enjoyable read, and wasnt like other novels, it      was individual. I would recommend this book to anyone who is open-     minded, and is intrigued by the operations and possibility of alternate      societies. Walden Two Essay -- essays research papers Book Title Walden TwoAuthor B.F. SkinnerPages 301I. SETTING     A. Time mid 1940s (after the end of WWII)      B. Place Walden Two, R.D. I, Canton     C. Detailed description of the opening scene          Rogers and Steve just returning from war, and looking for a new      beginning read an article on a man named Frazier who was planning to      begin an experimental utopian society. They immediately bec ome intrigued      by the idea. Their interest brought them to the office of Professor Burris,           one their former teachers to ask if he knew anything about Frazier, or about      the new society Frazier is trying to build. Burris remembers Frazier as a      classmate at his graduate school he recalls his extremist ideas and his      dislike for the institution. He also recalls discussions the two had shared      about this "Utopian society." Reluctantly Burris agrees to contact Frazier,      and sends him a letter. Immediately and enthusiastically he replies inviting      Burris and his friends to visit the new community he has developed. Burris      meets with the two men to inform them of the invitation, and agrees to take      time off, to accompan y Rogers and Steve on a visit to "Walden Two,"      Fraziers community. Rodgers girlfriend Barbara, Steves girlfriend Mary,      and Burriss colleague Castle also accompany them on the visit.II. THEME a one-sentence statement of the theme of your novel          Walden Two was Skinners attempt to portray what would occur if      behaviorism were used to curve our society, he depicted a solution to the      problems of modern life that involved a new beginning, an flee from our      current society, and a dismissal of our political and econo... ...cters      visiting the Utopian society of Walden Two engage in an abundance of      dialogue, in order to discover the spirit and the principles behind this new      community of Walden Two. Set speeches by main characters illustrate t he      points that Skinner wishes to make to the reader.           Dont get me wrong, the ideas are challenging and the reading is not      painful there is even some dramatic tension. The thought of a society like      Walden Two is intriguing, and the detail used by Skinner gives the reader a      clear picture of what this society may look like, and how it operates. Overall      the book was good, it was an enjoyable read, and wasnt like other novels, it      was individual. I would recommend this book to anyone who is open-     minded, and is intrigued by the operations and possibility of alternate      societies.

Analysis of Stephen Cranes, Maggie: A Girl Of The Streets Essays

Analysis of Stephen unfolds, Maggie A Girl of the StreetsToday in modern America, it has become almost impossible to avoid the tales of horror that surround us almost anywhere we go. Scandals, murders, theft, corruption, extortion, abuse, prostitution, all common occurrences in this day in age. A hundred years ago however, people did non check up on the world in quite such an open manner despite the fact that in umpteen ways, similarities were abundant. Peoples lives were, in their views, trim of all evil and pollution. They assumed they lived peaceful lives and those around them lived the same flawless lives untouched by corruption as well. Many were too blind to see beyond their own homes and into the lives of others who dealt with a more unfortunate fate. Those being the ones who lived in poverty, abuse, and other harsh conditions which were finally candid to America in 1893 by a 22-year old college free lance writer who simply wished to show things as they appeared t o him bitterly real. Stephen Crane was Americas first realistic writer who exposed the realities of the slums, tenement living and other unfavorable conditions to a very nave American audience. Through hard work and his great devotion to the examination of the darker gradient of life Crane finally was able to publish his unused in which explored his experiences of the New York slums. Through his great use of dialect, irony and realism in his novel Maggie A Girl of the Streets Stephen Crane is able to accomplish his goal of creating a vivid picture in his readers mind, portraying the harsh, offensive conditions of the many lives condemned to this fortune.Stephen Crane began his quest for the truth in the summer of 1889 while visiting his brother who lived in New Jersey (Peden, 104). While living with his brother Crane was drawn to the idea of realistic writing. He would travel to New York on almost a daily basis to witness and experience the poverty and abusive conditions of t he slums (Colvert, 104). During his visits to New York Crane was able to establish an understanding and develop a feeling for what life was like in the slums. He soon acquired a craving for individuality and a yearning to express his experiences. He began his mission by placing upon himself the desire to become his own individual, separating himself from other writers of the era by using his incomparable style of r... ...Garland, Hamlin. Maggie A Girl of the Streets. The Arena June 1893. Rpt. inTwentieth Century Literary Critcism. Ed. Dennis Poupard. Vol. 11. Detroit Gale, 1983. 121.Karlen, Amo. The Craft of Stephen Crane. Georgia Review Fall 1974 pp 470-84. Rpt. in The Chelsea accommodate library of Literary Criticism.Moses, Edwin. Stephen Crane. Magills Survey of American Literature. Ed.Frank N. Magill. Vol. 2. New York Marshall Cavendish Corp., 1991. 427-41.Peden, William. Stephen Crane. Encyclopedia Americana. 1998 ed.Pizer, Donald. Stephen Cranes Maggie and American Nat uralism. Criticism Spring 1965 168-75. Rpt. in The Chelsea House Library of Literary Criticism. Ed. Harold Bloom. Vol. 10 New York Chelsea House Publishers, 1989. 5858-53.Quinn, Arthur Hobson. The Journalists. American Fiction An Historical and Critical Survey. New York Appleton Century-Crofts, Inc., 1936. 521-49.Seymour-Smith, Martin. Stephen Crane. resile and Wagnalls Guide to Modern Literature. New York Funk and Wagnalls, 1973. 37-40.Walford, Chester L. Stephen Crane. Critical Survey of Long Fiction. Ed. FrankN. Magill. Vol. 2. New Jersey Salem Press, 1983. 638-47.

Free Essay on Symbols and Symbolism in The Scarlet Letter - The Symbolic Letter :: Scarlet Letter essays

The Highly Symbolic chromatic Letter Hyatt Waggoner, a noted Hawthorne scholar, says, The Scarlet Letter is Hawthornes most widely read and prize novel and is also the one that has inspired the most inconclusive debate . . . (Waggoner 118). Much of the trouble in interpreting The Scarlet Letter stems from the fact that the humbug is highly symbolic. The Scarlet Letter opens with the stark image of the throng of people surrounding the prison door. Hawthorne creates a mood by using the, sad touched, garment and, gray, steeplecrowned hats, to sink the reader a feeling a gloom and sadness. Among these dark, sad images Hawthorne interjects the wild red rose. As Hawthorne puts it, to symbolize some sweet moral blossom, that may be found along the track, or relieve the darkening close of a tale of human frailty and sorrow (McMichael, 1033). The prison is symbolic of moral cruel which would be sin and the cemetery is a symbol of natural evil which would be death. It is commonly agreed that the colors are used extensivly in The Scarlet Letter as symbols. This is illustrated by the scene by the prison door, but the use and importance of the symbol grows as the book moves along. Pearl, is often identified with the color red, which Waggoner identifies as evil. Pearl is not an evil child in the true sense of the word, but she is a reflection of her parents immorality and their love. The color red, along with images of bright glow show Pearl to be the product of a moment of passion between Hester and Dimmesdale. Just like the red rose at the start of the story, Pearl is meant to relieve the sorrow and misery. The most famous symbol is of course the scarlet letter itself. Called, The Elaborate Sign, by Waggoner, the letter A exhibits itself a number of times and in a number of ways throughout the story. The A may appear on Dimmesdales chest, it appears as Pearl, in the sky as a huge letter formed by a comet in the mirror at the Governors mansion and on Hesters tombston e (McMichael 1150). The letter itself is red, which at firstborn glance would seem to confirm Mr. Waggoners theory that red in the story is a representation of evil. A case can be made, however, that even in the letter A that red is symbolic of hope and spirit.

Free Essay on Symbols and Symbolism in The Scarlet Letter - The Symbolic Letter :: Scarlet Letter essays

The Highly Symbolic Scarlet garner Hyatt Waggoner, a noted Hawthorne scholar, says, The Scarlet Letter is Hawthornes most widely read and admired novel and is also the one that has inspired the most inconclusive debate . . . (Waggoner 118). Much of the trouble in interlingual rendition The Scarlet Letter stems from the fact that the story is highly symbolic. The Scarlet Letter opens with the stark image of the throng of people surrounding the prison door. Hawthorne creates a idea by using the, sadcolored, garment and, gray, steeplecrowned hats, to give the reader a feeling a gloom and sadness. Among these dark, sad images Hawthorne interjects the wild red rose. As Hawthorne puts it, to symbolize round sweet moral blossom, that may be found along the track, or relieve the darkening close of a tale of human frailty and brokenheartedness (McMichael, 1033). The prison is symbolic of moral evil which would be sin and the cemetery is a symbol of natural evil which would be death. It is commonly agreed that the color in are used extensivly in The Scarlet Letter as symbols. This is illustrated by the scene by the prison door, but the use and importance of the symbol grows as the book moves along. Pearl, is often identified with the color red, which Waggoner identifies as evil. Pearl is not an evil child in the true sense of the word, but she is a reflection of her parents immorality and their love. The color red, along with images of bright glow show Pearl to be the product of a moment of passion between Hester and Dimmesdale. fair(a) like the red rose at the start of the story, Pearl is meant to relieve the sorrow and misery. The most famous symbol is of course the scarlet letter itself. Called, The set forth Sign, by Waggoner, the letter A exhibits itself a number of times and in a number of ways throughout the story. The A may appear on Dimmesdales chest, it appears as Pearl, in the sky as a huge letter formed by a comet in the mirror at the Governors mans ion and on Hesters tombstone (McMichael 1150). The letter itself is red, which at first glance would seem to confirm Mr. Waggoners theory that red in the story is a representation of evil. A faux pas can be made, however, that even in the letter A that red is symbolic of hope and spirit.

Leading Teams Essay

The spare-time activity spread over presents an analysis of tap come forth Oil, and the ways in which it inembodieds team leaders concepts in fit stakeholder require. Stakeholders are defined in The Times 100 case study Balancing Stakeholder Needs as anyone who has an use up in what a military hold back does or an influence on the business organization. The case study continues on to identify quivers stakeholders as shareholders, employees, suppliers, customers, local communities, and interest groups. It is vitally important for large corporations such as ticktock to balance the motifs of these parties, in rove to ensure profitable, safe and continuous operations. In order to do so, scramble must consider what the call for of individually of these groups are, and how to use leadership to control the effects of conflicting inevitably.a) Making reference to appropriate theory what aspects of leadership and team dynamics may outsmart lease considered when considering their approach to balancing Stakeholder needs? The leadership tactics employed by jam in balancing stakeholder needs give be varied, but ordain no question include an assessment of its imagery and principles, the corporate leadership style, and how to construct its teams to maximise performance. The statement Begin with the end in mind (Covey 2004 cited Benson and sift 2009a, p.3), gives a fair indication as to the purpose and necessity of a corporate vision. Where is the business going, and how is it going to get there?An essential element to leadership, a vision defines the goal that everyone in the company should be working towards. Kotter (1990, p.105) suggests that a key part of vision is how good it serves the interests of important constituencies. In separate words, Shell should display balanced stakeholders needs in the company vision. According to Nanus (1992 cited Southwest Educational Development Laboratory, 1993), a vision should also display the followingcharac teristics, which Shell would likely contract taken into account for distributively group of stakeholders* Attracts commitment and energises people* Creates meaning in workers lives* Establishes a standard of excellence* bridge over the present to the future* Transcends the status quo.Shell publishes its vision, along with its core values and other operating principles in the Shell General Business Principles, which is astray communicated, and operational for d induceload from the companys website. Shell has clearly recognised for quite some time the value and necessity for a vision in balancing needs, as the first set of principles was originally published in 1976 ( violet Dutch Shell plc 2005). It is important to separate leadership from come throughment. Kotter (1990, p.104) states that Management is about coping with complexness, and that Leadership, by contrast, is about coping with change. And what is a vision, if not an anticipated change to the company? The management of change is a key role of leadership. The recent corporate restructuring and appointment of a new CEO in July 2009 (Wighton 2010), shows that Shells leaders are required to consistently react to changes such as marketplace conditions, and adjust its focus to ensure all stakeholder needs are still being met.The study of leadership in general has led to many differing leadership theories, which can essentially be divided into two categories Behaviour Models, and Situational Leadership. Behaviour Models tend to address the personal traits of the individual leader, and Situational Leadership addresses a customisation of style to each new situation. While it is possible to apply some Behaviour Model theories to an organisation, it is more likely that Shell apply Situational Leadership methods, altering the balance of designate vs. relationship dependent on which stakeholder group is being considered. Shell pull up stakes also have spent considerable time finding the most efficacious teams for their business profile. Owing to the highly technical nature of Shells operations, there is a well-grounded possibility that it uses expert teams to ensure that shareholder needs are incorporated at every level of the organisation.For example, and expert in say, oil drilling, may not have the expertise to determine what effects a proposed course of action would have on the localcommunity. It is worth noting however, that it may be time for Shell to re-evaluate the effectiveness of its teams. Wighton (2010) reports that Shell has been plagued by delays and budget overruns on big projects, indicating that its teams are not performing. To ensure that stakeholder needs are being met, Shell leave behind have incorporated ways in which to monitor and control performance within the organisation. Shell demoralises by reporting. It reports on several sectors of the business, to include annual financial reports, which are particularly relevant to shareholders, and sustainability reporting, which will be of interest to local communities and interest groups (Shell transnational B.V. 2010a).It became apparent, through the annual reporting to their shareholders in May 2009 that Shell had misinterpreted its shareholders needs. This resulted in a tense annual meeting where the shareholders voted 60% against the proposed incentive scheme for executives, which would have seen top executives receive large bonuses, even if they failed to meet performance targets (Lindsay and Pagnamenta 2010) b) How may Shells approach to balancing Stakeholder needs impact upon employee motivation? There are two major motivational theories which are widely used in the field of management Herzbergs Two Factor Theory (1959 cited Boddy 2008, p. 500-502), and Maslows Hierarchy of Needs (1970 cited Boddy 2008, p. 494-497).The Two Factor theory suggests that there are two elements to motivation, make Factors, and Hygiene Factors. Motivating Factors contribute to an employees satisfaction , and Hygiene Factors contribute to their dissatisfaction. The theory identifies these factors asMotivating Factors Hygiene FactorsAchievement Company PoliciesRecognition SupervisionThe work itself Relationship with supervisor and PeersResponsibility Work conditionsAdvancement SalaryGrowth Status SecurityHerzberg went on to conclude that satisfaction and dissatisfaction are not opposites. The opposite of satisfaction is no satisfaction, with the opposite of dissatisfaction being no dissatisfaction. In other words, the absence of Motivating factors does not create dissatisfaction, and the existence of the Hygiene Factors does not create satisfaction.On the other hand, in the Hierarchy of Needs, Maslow speculates that everyone has a prescribed set of needs that must be met in a certain order, as followsMaslow maintains that employees begin by face to fill Physiological needs, for example a properly heated/cooled workplace. Only when Physiological needs are met, or mostly met, will a n employee seek to bring about their Security needs, for example a permanent contract. And so on through the other needs.Both of these theories have identified common areas of motivation relating to security (job security, salary), scholarship (status, advancement, self-esteem, rewards), and job development (growth, achievement, self actualisation, responsibility). Regardless of which theory, if any, that Shell has chosen to adopt, these are the basic employee needs that they will need to have taken into account.It is a widely held belief that employees are a companys greatest asset, which means that their role as stakeholders is an important one. If Shell is getting the stakeholder balance right, they will have addressed their employees needs, which should result in positive levels of employee motivation. As we saw in interrogative sentence a) however, it is not always that easy to get the balance right. If Shell has favoured its shareholder needs, this could potentially lead to employee pay cuts and a reduction in safety costs, in order to maximise profits. If interest groups and local communities are favoured, this could potentially lead to the cancellation of new and innovative projects that would have seizeed employees to develop new skills and achieve new discoveries. All of these outcomes would have a noticeably negative effect on employee motivation.If we are to believe Shell, it recognises this need for balance, and goes to great efforts to ensure that employees needs for recognition and job development are met (Shell International B.V. 2010b). It professes on its website * Joining Shell means getting more out of your working life than you thought possible. (Shell International B.V. 2010b) * We make every effort to provide the kind of rewards and benefits that will complement your own particular lifestyle and needs (Shell International B.V. 2010c) Certainly, the testimonials offered by Shell employees, from every facet of the organization, seem t o swan these statements (Shell International B.V. 2010d).It is worth noting however, that nowhere in the literary works published in the Jobs & Career section of the Shell website, does it address the subjects of job stability, employee safety, or personal security. It was reported by Wighton (2010) that within weeks of his taking over at the helm of Shell in July 2009, Peter Voser had cut 5000 jobs. Combine this with the inherent safety risks of the petrochemical industry, and the security risks associated with operations in locations such as Nigeria, and some incertitude is cast on Shells ability to meet all of their employees needs.c) What conflict situations may Shell have needed to consider and manage in order to successfully achieve its balance towards Stakeholder needs? Shell has five main stakeholder groups, shareholders, employees, suppliers, customers, local communities, and interest groups (The Times 100 ca.2009, p. 133-136). The nature and the needs of each one of the se groups differs to such a degree that conflict is nearly inevitable. Conflict frequently has its roots in difference (Benson and Rice 2009b, p.2), this statement supports the judgment that conflict management can also be regarded as the management of differences. Shells balancing of stakeholder needs could essentially be redefined as management of the differences in stakeholder needs or conflict management. With a multinational company such as Shell, listing potential conflicts could be a daunting task. To begin with, the shareholders need to earn the greatest dividends possible is obviously at odds with the employees desire for greater remuneration and benefits packages.The shareholders and employees dedication to innovative new technologies and projects may oppose the goals of interest groups who striveto protect the environment and human rights, and local communities who are stretched to accommodate a new industry. The customers desire for a reprieve from the ever increasing c ost of fuels is in direct opposition to a suppliers objective of selling their product at the most profitable price. The list is virtually inexhaustible. Shell has incorporated measures throughout its organization to mitigate potential conflicts, which core group on ensuring balance, conversation and involvement. The first and foremost of these measures is Shells decision fashioning criteria (The Times 100 ca.2009, p. 136), which is specifically designed to achieve a good balance of stakeholder needs and provide a transparency by assessing * the economic impact of the activity is likely to yield a good return for shareholders * the cordial impact will be suitable for employees and communities * the long-term effect of its activity will harm the environment As mentioned in Question a) Shell report openly and honestly on its activities and their effects, through financial and sustainability reporting.According to Shell, they have voluntarily reported on our environmental and socia l performance since 1997 because this performance matters to our stakeholders and to our business success (Shell International B.V. 2010a). This provides a consistent avenue for communication with stakeholders. The greatest volume of resources dedicated to mitigating conflict can be found in Shells social programmes. A brief review of its website reveals that it has no fewer than seven separate social programmes, which focus on a myriad of topics, from sustainable development, to road safety, to HIV/AIDS (Shell International B.V. 2010e). There is an underlying conflict however that is not so easy to identify, and which is not evidently addressed in the extenuation measures. It is the diversity of the stakeholders that presents Shell with perhaps the biggest challenge of all. In order to truly balance stakeholder needs, Shell must consider the cultures in which it operates, and strive to recognise the richness and strength of the many different facets of diversity, including age, g ender, colour, race, ethnicity, religion, differing abilities (physical and cognitive), sexuality, socio-cultural and economic background (Benson and Rice 2009c, p.2).This will not only affect the way in which it must salute itself in each region, but it will also have a great impact on the internal development of its teams in order to maximise performance.Again, the management of differences between cultures becomes the management of conflict. d) Conclude by taking the key elements of your observations in steps a-c regarding Shell in order to make a tribute for other organisations to consider implementing the approach of balancing Stakeholder needs as a means to business success? Shell Oil began as an antiques dealer in London, who diversified into importing shells from the Far East in 1833 (Shell International B.V. 2010f). This is a far cry from the multinational petrochemical company of today that is a recognized symbolism around the globe. The business success that has prope lled Shell from local antiques store to global giant will not have happened by accident.It will be well calculated and methodically achieved. This outstanding business success will certainly provide many other organizations with insight regarding balancing stakeholder needs which will be beneficial. First and foremost is the need for vision and leadership. Business success on the scale of Shell Oil cannot be achieved without establishing a vision of what that success will look like, and how to get there. A properly composed and communicated vision will essentially be the battle cry that enlists all of your stakeholders to joining in and making the increased business success a reality. To accompany this, it is necessary to embrace the ideas of leadership over management, after all, No one yet has figured out how to manage people effectively into battle, they must be led (Kotter 1990, p.104). Once a vision has been communicated, it will quickly lose momentum if the stakeholders are no t informed of its progress.Tools to measure and disseminate the organisations and individuals performance to the vision should be developed. No matter how inspiring the vision and ardent the leadership, effective teams who are able to perform will be essential. Dependent on the type of organization, and its particular stakeholders, the team dynamic required to meet expectations will be different. For example, the approach to technical innovation required by Shell will not be needed in a non-profit organization that gives support to individuals through social programming. Research into effective team structures for the desired outcome is highly recommended. While no one group of stakeholders should overshadow the rest, it is perhaps the employees who will have the most complex needs to balance against the other stakeholders.Every organisation should ensure that the balance of stakeholder needs promotes positive employee motivationin order to achieve its envisioned business success. A study of motivational theories should be undertaken to understand the various factors, before assessing them within the organisation. As concluded in Question b), Shell has heavily promoted its ability to meet the job development and recognition needs of its employees, though it may have fallen down on fulfilling needs such as job and personal security. This will in part be owing to research and feedback directly from their employees. The employees most valuable to Shell and achieving its vision may be those who are eager to participate in the innovative and technical projects that Shell has to offer, and are willing to sacrifice in other areas as a result.Every organisation should work with its employees to determine what their needs are against the desired outcomes of the company, before assessing how these needs will fit into the balance of stakeholders. An organisation who is endeavour to achieve business success would benefit from approaching the balancing of stakeholder nee ds as if it were the management of differences in needs, in other words, conflict management. Consistent communication will be required with each stakeholder group in order to identify and discuss potential conflicts. This will allow the introduction of appropriate mitigation measures within the balance.It is acknowledged that not every organisation will be conducting multinational business however careful research into the diversity of the stakeholders is recommended. This will allow the organisation to harness the differences within its stakeholder groups, with a view to maximising potential for performance. This report has summarised some of the key areas addressed by Shell Oil in its balancing of stakeholder needs, and has made some high level recommendations for other organisations to consider. Any organisation that is keen to achieve business success will no doubt find value in research regarding Shells approach.ReferencesBenson, A., and Rice, M., 2009a. Developing and Sustain ing Effective Teams Guide 2 What are you there for? Setting Objectives. London Royal College of Nursing. addressable from http//www.rcn.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/78735/003115.pdf Accessed 02 February 2010. Benson, A., and Rice, M., 2009b. Developing and Sustaining Effective Teams Guide 6 Some thoughts about conflict. LondonRoyal College of Nursing. procurable from http//www.rcn.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/78735/003115.pdf Accessed 02 February 2010. Benson, A., and Rice, M., 2009c. Developing and Sustaining Effective Teams Guide 4 Is everyone abstruse? Diversity. London Royal College of Nursing. acquirable from http//www.rcn.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/78735/003115.pdf Accessed 02 February 2010. Boddy, D., 2008. Management An Introduction. 4th ed. Edinburgh Pearson Edutcation. Kotter, J.P., 1990. What Leaders Really Do. Harvard Business Review, 68 (3), 103-111. Available from Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost Accessed 31 March 2010). Lindsay R. and Pagname nta, R., 2010. Shell tries to appease investors with caps on pay. The Times, 17 February. Available from http//business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/movers_and_shakers/article7029759.ece Accessed 21 April 2010. Royal Dutch Shell plc, 2005. Shell General Business Principles. The Hague Shell International Limited. Available from http//www.shell.com/home/content/aboutshell/who_we_are/our_values/sgbp/sgbp_30032008.html Accessed 03 April 2010. Shell International B.V., 2010a. Our approach to reporting. The Hague Shell International B.V.. Available from http//www.shell.com/home/content/environment_society/approach_to_reporting/our_approach/our_approach_to_reporting_26042007.html Accessed 03 April 2010. Shell International B.V., 2010b. Jobs & Careers. The Hague Shell International B.V.. Available from http//www.shell.com/home/content/careers/ Accessed 03 April 2010. Shell International B.V., 2010c. Rewards & Benefits. The Hague Shell International B.V.. Available from http//www.shell.com /home/content/careers/professionals/rewards_and_benefits/professionals_rewards_benefits_13092006.html Accessed 03 April 2010. Shell International B.V., 2010d. Meet Our Professionals. The Hague Shell International B.V.. Available from http//www.shell.com/home/page/careers/our_people/tool/app_xp_meet_our_people.html Accessed 03 April 2010. Shell International B.V., 2010e. Programmes. The Hague Shell International B.V.. Available from http//www.shell.com/home/content/environment_society/society/our_neighbours/social_investment/programmes/ Accessed 03 April 2010. Shell International B.V., 2010f. The beginnings. The Hague Shell International B.V.. Available

How Japan is Contributing to Globalization Essay

orbiculateisation is one of the most important aspects of modern society affecting all spheres of life. Globalization involves public life, politics, economy, culture and fond collapsement. Globalization and the initiation of b atomic number 18-assed technologies have importantly changed the way business, government and society are organized. lacquers aim has loomed large in the Asia-Pacific region after World War II. Population density and geographic isolation are the two crucial factors that cannot be overstated when discussing Japan.Most of Japans land area is mountainous and therefore, the residential area represents only 3%, and the industrial area is only 1. 4 %. However, Japan still generates an astounding 14% of the worlds GNP (Harukiyo, come up, 2001). One of the key driving forces behind these changes is a new business model. Japan has make a keen contribution to worldwideization process being a political and economic leader in the Asia-Pacific region. To be succ essful in globular competition, stanchs sustain a triad power, establishing strong competitive position in all common chord parts.Ohmae (1985) settings the world commercialise as being composed of three major parts the USA, Japan, and Europe. Ohmae (1995) also argues that the key to orbicular success is the deliberate insideration of functional strengths of Japan economic system. He considers equidistance the critical requirement of a global strategy seeing globally, thinking globally, and acting globally. In this process, Japan plays a core role as an economic and political leader controlling the new emerging order. Ohmae argued that successful global companies had to be equally strong in Japan, Western Europe, and the United States.These three regions, which Ohmae collectively called the Triad, represented the dominant economic centers of the world. Today, full 75 % of world income as measured by GNP is located in the Triad. Ohmae has revised his view of the world in the e xpanded Triad, the Nipponese microscope stage encompasses the entire Pacific region the American leg includes Canada and Mexico and the boundary in Europe is moving eastward. Acer Inc. provides a perfect illustration of a familiarity with a well-balanced revenue stream one-third of the companys sales of computers and related equipment are in Asia, one-third in North America, and opposite 20 % are in Europe.Japan is responsive to local market conditions. The strategic imperative means the efficient global use of good merchandising ideas rather than standardization, and an organization structure which encourages transfer of information from Japan to other countries. Global operations are tailored to maximize efficiency in pattern development and effectiveness in local market delivery (Befu, Guichard-Anguis, 2001). Japanese multi content corporations which treat individual country markets separately are likely to evaporate and be replaced by global corporations which sell stand ardized harvest-feasts the same way everywhere in the world.A major source of competitive advantage has become the ability to produce high-quality products at lowest cost, since global consumers will sacrifice their idiosyncratic preferences for the high-quality but low-priced products Globalization and the initiation of new technologies have significantly changed the way business, government and society are organized. One of the key driving forces behind these changes is a new business model. Host government regulations/incentives, as well as other environmental forces, can drive globalisation.Similarity of tariff barriers, product standards, marketing regulations, and incentives for foreign direct investment can serve as stimuli for globalization.. Japan places more emphasis on market growth and penetration and in these aspects they were definite leaders. Japan has the benefit of a large domestic market but it appears that they also benefit from their emphasis on improvement in product quality and productivity. According to Yang (1995) In Japanese business interactions, voice came as the counterpart of trust.Such participation not only provided information exchange but also moderated the coercive power inherent in the hierarchical control structure (69). The competitiveness in the globalizing world is based on some of the nations sectors, where the companies experienced conditions in their home market that induced them to develop the right competencies to compete internationally. Many economists underline the great enamor of Japanese policies on the World Trade Organization, governmental subsidization of foreign direct investment, and the integrating of Japanese production facilities in East Asia (Maclachlan, 2004).Technological advances are also considered major drivers of globalization. Japanese technological innovations and leadership in IT effort influence global business and science. Japan plays a crucial role in globalization of automotive and IT industries. Communication and transportation technology makes integrated global operations possible and desirable. Industries with high technology intensity are particularly conducive to standardized marketing approaches (Yang, 1995).Among market factors which can drive globalization are emergence of global customers, homogenization of consumer needs and wants, existence of global marketing channels, and transferability of marketing practices. Political leadership allows Japan influence foreign dealing and political situation. Following Harukiyo and Hook (2001) The period of building another modern Japan the history of post-war Japan colored by high-speed economic development as well by the shrunken role of Japan in world politics. This feature of post-war Japan can be summarized as the economic giant, political pigmy (19).From the point of view of some scholars in economic-politics, globalization is the result of the capitalism dominance. Yip (1995) reinforces this idea saying t hat it is a new capitalism cycle where production has become transnational. To other authors, globalization is related to the increasing obsolescence of the nation-state system (Ohmae, 1995). Ohmae (1995) proposes that the more natural model is the region-state, an economic area defined independently of the national borders. To survive and prosper in the global marketplace, Japanese businesses have responded to the industry imperatives.Japans contribution to globalization can be explained as global market participation product standardization concentration of value-adding activities uniform marketing and integrative competitive moves. Also, Japans global strategy has matched the globalization potential as defined by the cost, market, government, and competitive environments. The strategic imperative of Japan is to concentrate value-added activities to exploit factor cost differentials and extend competitive advantages by coordinating interdependencies among markets.Hence, success de mands achieving integration of the firms competitive position crosswise markets. Japan has a great influence on cultural and social life of global society. Film industry and animated films influence tastes and preferences of millions of people around the globe. Feature-length animated films and manga (an illustrated publications in comic book format) become a part of the global culture. Japanese food aspiration patterns penetrated many Europeans countries and America. Traditional food is influence4d by sophisticated cuisine highly customized to the change of seasons.Modern Japanese cuisine includes many seafood dishes with fresh ingredients (sushi), natto and soy sauce. everywhere the last 50 years, Japanese food culture becomes global and has been adopted by other cultures. Befu and Guichard-Anguis (2001) call this phenomenon cultural diffusion underlining the role and impact of Japanese cultural norms on the outside world. For instance, the popularity and the success of contempo rary Japanese fine art photography in American art museums and galleries (131) underline the importance and influence on Japanese culture on global society.The ideas and values of the Japanese people influenced perception of the self and religious values of other nations (Hall, Hall 1990). ethics and traditions of the Japanese culture create a strict, unwritten code of essential rules followed by generations of Americans and Europeans as their personal religion which helps to control social life and social order. Many countries adopted traditional Japanese approaches to management including TQM and Quality Circles are a core philosophy of a firm (Hall and Hall, 1990).Introducing Japanese techniques is proving difficult because it cuts across cultural norms. The entrepreneurial spirit of Japanese firms is encouraged as the tendency for individuals to compete against each other frequently gives rise to the development of new ideas. Employee relations is another sphere of Japanese man agement principles. Yang (1995) explains that Japanese competition has forced the other advanced national economies to investigate seriously and adopt many of the practices which the Japanese have developed (69).Key benefits include economies of scale in marketing and production, economies of scope, efficiencies in sourcing and transportation, and synergies in other value-adding activities. The response to competitive challenge is another major driver of globalization. In sum, the differences in economic conditions, national values and culture among nations created different opportunities for the development of industries all over the world. Japan has influenced to the competitive pressure by leveraging its competitive position across markets, and by seeking integrated operations.The basic sphere of impact is the international economic and social system, i. e. global manufacture, national economies and the world market. Japan contributes to globalization through investments, access to quality products and technologies, and reciprocal access to foreign markets and managerial development. Unique philosophy and cultural norms of Japanese are also penetrated into other countries shaping behavior of people and perception of the world. From the perspective of business, interest in globalization centers on two major facets the globalization of markets and the globalization of production and the supply chain.As a member of many international organizations, Japan determines and influences political and economic relations in the Asia-Pacific region and has a great impact on the world order.References1. Befu, H. , Guichard-Anguis, S. (2001). Globalizing Japan Ethnography of the Japanese Presence in Asia, Europe, and America. Routledge. 2. Hall, E. T. , Hall, M. R. (1990). Hidden Differences Doing Business with the Japanese Anchor. 3. Harukiyo, H. , Hook, G. D. (2001). The Political Economy of Japanese Globalization. Routledge.

Creative Art and Fine Art Essay

By a broad definition of cunning,9 dodgeistic works have existed for almost as long as humankind from early pre-historic art to contemporary art however, some theories restrict the concept to modern Western societies. 10 The first and broadest sense of art is the one that has remained closest to the older Latin meaning, which roughly translates to skill or craft. A few examples where this meaning proves very broad complicate artifact, artificial, artifice, medical arts, and forces arts. However, there are many other colloquial uses of the ledger, all with some relation to its etymology.The second and more recent sense of the word art is as an abbreviation for creative art or fine art and emerged in the early 17th century. 13 Fine art means that a skill is creation used to express the artists creativity, or to engage the audiences aesthetic sensibilities, or to draw the audience towards consideration of the finer things. The word art can refer to several things a study of creat ive skill, a process of using the creative skill, a product of the creative skill, or the audiences experience with the creative skill.The creative arts (art as discipline) are a collection of disciplines that produce artworks (art as objects) that are compelled by a personal drive (art as activity) and convey a message, mood, or symbolism for the viewer to interpret (art as experience). Art is something that stimulates an individuals thoughts, emotions, beliefs, or ideas through the senses. Artworks can be explicitly made for this purpose or interpreted on the basis of images or objects.Although the application of scientific knowledge to derive a new scientific theory involves skill and results in the creation of something new, this represents science only and is not categorized as art. Often, if the skill is being used in a common or practical way, people will consider it a craft instead of art. Likewise, if the skill is being used in a commercial or industrial way, it may be con sidered commercial art instead of fine art. On the other hand, crafts and design are sometimes considered use art.Some art followers have argued that the difference between fine art and applied art has more to do with value judgments made rough the art than any clear definitional difference. 14 However, even fine art often has goals beyond pure creativity and self-expression. The purpose of works of art may be to communicate ideas, such as in politically, spiritually, or philosophically motivated art to create a sense of beauty (seeaesthetics) to explore the nature of learning for pleasure or to generate strong emotions.The purpose may also be seemingly nonexistent. Art is a diverse range of human activities and the products of those activities this name focuses primarily on the opthalmic arts, which includes the creation of images or objects in fields including painting, sculpture, printmaking, photography, and other visual media. Architecture is often included as one of the vi sual arts however, like the decorative arts, it involves the creation of objects where the practical considerations of use are essentialin a way that they are usually not for a painting, for example.Music, theatre, film, dance, and other performing arts, as well as literature, and other media such as interactive media are included in a broader definition of art or the arts. 1 Creative arts is a subject of study for a number of universities, including those that offer a degree of Bachelor of Creative Arts. 1 Areas of study include dramaturgy, music, graphic arts/cartooning, performing arts, film, publishing, galleries, museums, and the visual arts.

Global Fishing and its Impact on the Environment Essay

The demand of tip in the international market has been increasing in the last few years. This is because more researches on nutrition have revealed that consuming fish is one of the best healthy practices. Fish does non have a lot of fats and bad cholesterin and it is a good source of vitamins and natural nutrients. This paper is about the trends of seek in the global arena and its impact on the environment. The paper will restore recreational and technical both types of fishing and the problems they are causing to the marine environment.The current state of global fisheries, aqua civilization and the environmental cost of fishing will be the main subjects of interest in this paper. Although many countries have started efforts to develop practices of sustainable fishing through developing the idea of fish farms, however, the main threat to the environment is recreational fishing. The impacts on the marine life itself and the fish race will be discussed in the paper. Current State of Global Fisheries There was a cockeyed rise in fishing, according to the United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization, until the mid 1990s when the trend became stable.In 2001, a study showed that the marine fool has been declining at a rate of 10% each year since the late 1980s. There have also been estimations that around 50% of the worlds fish reserves have been fully exploited, around 20% are overexploited and another 10% are depleted because of overfishing. The histogram graph below shows the increasing share of aqua culture in the sum fishing, however, the largest share of the total fish catch is still for the fish being captured from free waters. Southeast Pacific regions contribute the most to the catch of fish globally.The fish that have been captured the most are anchovy and Chilean jack mackerel (Hart & Reynolds, 2004). Figure 1- (Hart & Reynolds, 2004) The research has also shown that almost 80% of the total fish captured was utilize for direct human con sumption while other 20% went for further processing for non-consumption production. In the year 1997, the per capita consumption of fish has increased in the preceding(a) 50 years from 9 kg per person to around 16 kg per person each year. This was the data for under actual countries however, the consumption in the developed countries has risen from 20kg to almost 28kg per capita per year.In the underdeveloped countries, the protein intake from the consumption of fish can form 20% of the total intake. In the developed countries and in the south Asian countries, the consumption is much higher(prenominal) (Hart & Reynolds, 2004). The top ten countries which are the largest catchers of the total fish catches include China, Japan, India, United States, Russia and Indonesia. However, China is the largest catcher of fish as the total amount stands to around 12 million tons of fish (FAOSTAT online database, 2010). The demand of fish is stable at the moment but as the race rises, the dem and for fish will also rise.It has been revealed that the people in the developed countries are more prone to eating fish as their per capita consumption is higher than people living in underdeveloped countries. Another point of concern is that the population is rising at a very high rate in countries such as India, Pakistan, Indonesia and the Middle-East where the catch of the fish is also the highest. Figure 2 Impact of Global Fishing on the Environment Today, the exploitation of the fishery resources and reserves has become a major environmental factor of concern for the scientists and environmentalists.The worldwide declines in the population of fish species have been blamed to the excessive commercial fishing and unrestrictive recreational fishing. A recent study has revealed that the total fish harvest from recreational activities may contribute up to almost 12% of the total catch of fish globally (Cooke, Steven, & Cowx, 2004). Fish has been one of the most important food cons umption resources that are at risk because of limitless recreational activities and commercial fishing. The potential contribution of fishing to the marine environment and the ecological system of the world has caused many problems in the environment already.Currently, the fish production is meeting the requirements of the population in the countries, but at a great environmental cost. The marine life is not only being endangered by the fishers but their upbringing grounds have also been invaded by the commercial companies. These painsing grounds are the safe places for the fish. Though the fish are being bred in huge numbers, but their homes are being destroyed which does not allow the fish to be born. Although a fish can give birth to hundreds of its offspring in one season, but if these offspring are dead before they are born, then the ecological system in the waters is seriously disturbed.According to a research, the increasing pressure of fishing and exploitation of resource s in marine life has caused a change in the ecological structure and the ecosystem. The fully developed fish and adult members of the fish are more fondly searched by the commercial and individuals as they render more profits and meat for the production. Therefore the adult population which is responsible for breeding and generating offspring are in great danger by the human activities in the seas. Climate change has also been attributed to the changes in the ecosystem which extend to the marine life and decrease their population.In the future, therefore, the fish population, available for human consumption, is anticipated to fall and cause demand supply problems. The primary reasons for this are the endeavour of the humans on the marine life for consumption, recreational activities of the human individuals and the change in the global temper which is changing the living habitat of these fish (Planque, 2010). Aquaculture output signal The term aquaculture is used for the farming of the fish and other marine species including aquatic plants, crustaceans and mollusks in an artificial environment which is fit for their breeding.This is done in order to nurture the species of the fish which are getting extinct or for sustainable farming of fish. This practice is very good for the sustainability of the fish in free water as they are not hunted in their breeding grounds. When grown and fully ready, these fish are harvested by a company or an individual who has possess them throughout the period of growth and development (European Commission, 2007). This practice is the only option for meeting the demand of the human for fish consumption. Fishing for recreation has proved to be disastrous for the marine life and the water environment.The whole ecological system is disturbed because of excessive fishing. Aquaculture is mostly being performed for the human consumption but does not addresses the issue of recreational fishing. Aquaculture is also used to presence t he dying species by providing the required temperature, environment and food for their existence. Many of these fish could be released in to the fruity waters so that they could be used in the recreational activities (Stickney, 2009). Conclusion In order to keep the demand consistent with the supply for fish in the global market, the practice of aquaculture will have to be adopted.The main issues that the fish face are the recreational activities of the human, commercial overexploitation and the change in climate of the world. These problems are changing their habitat environment and hence these fish are getting endangered. However, we should keep in mind that all of the fish species are not being caught for human consumption. Hence, aquaculture will not be able to address this issue. Other strict rules and regulation will have to be implemented by the governments in order to stop the recreational killing of fish. Only the hunting of those fish should be allowed which are abundant in the waters.Aquaculture could be used to breed those fish which are primarily used for the consumption of human through providing an artificial environment where the fish can grow up in a protected way. Bibliography Cooke, Steven, & Cowx, I. (2004). The Role of Recreational Fishing in Global Fish Crises. BioScience , 54 (9), 857-59. European Commission. (2007). Eurostat. Retrieved May 9, 2010, from Eurostat Pocketbook http//epp. eurostat. ec. europa. eu/cache/ITY_OFFPUB/KS-DW-07-001/EN/KS-DW-07-001-EN. PDF European Commission. (2009, September). Eurostat. Retrieved May 9, 2010, from Fishery Statistics http//epp.eurostat. ec. europa. eu/statistics_explained/index. php/Fishery_statistics FAOSTAT online database. (2010). NationMaster. Retrieved May 9, 2010, from Environmental Statistics http//www. nationmaster. com/graph/env_mar_fis_cat-environment-marine-fish-catch Hart, P. , & Reynolds, J. (2004). Handbook of fish biology and fisheries. Oxford Blackwell Publishing company. Planque, B. (2010). How does fishing alter marine populations and ecosystems predisposition to climate? Journal of Marine Systems , 403-417. Stickney, R. (2009). Aquaculture an introductory text. Oxfordshire Cambridge University Press.